Lesson 73: Suffixes, Adverbs, Desiderative
Summary:
Forming Suffixes & Adverbs. New verb type: Desiderative (He desires to go).
Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two
Session deals with: VOL2, L30, PG 243-257
Suffixes: (pratyaya प्रत्यय)
- What is it?
- A short ending added to end of root or stem. It modifies the meaning. Study below examples…
- English EG:
- create > creation
- cross > crossing.
- Sanskrit EG:
- Root + suffix:
- √jīv जीव् 1P: live > jīva जीव (mas): living individual
- √ās आस् 2Ā: sit > āsana आसन (n): seat, posture
- √jan जन् 4Ā: be born > janman जन्मन् (n): birth
- √tap तप् 10U: heat > tapas तपस् (n): austerity
- √muc मुच् 6U: release > mukti मुक्ति (f): liberation
- Stem + suffix:
- kṣatra क्षत्र (n): might > kṣatriya क्षत्रिय (mas): caste of warrior/protector.
- puruṣa पुरुष (mas): man > pauruṣeya पौरुषेय (adj): human.
- amṛta अमृत (adj): immortal > amṛtatva अमृतत्व (n): immortality.
- anta अन्त (mas): end > antaka अन्तक (mas): death
- dharma धर्म (mas): virtue > dhārmika धार्मिक (adj): virtuous
- ānanda आनन्द (mas): joy > ānandamaya आनन्दमय (adj): filled with joy
- cit चित् (f): consciousness > cinmaya चिन्मय (adj): filled with consciousness.
- priya प्रिय (adj): dear > priyatara प्रियतर (adj): dearer > priyatama प्रियतम (adj): dearest
- Root + suffix:
- English EG:
- Based on above examples, what have we noticed?
- Suffix is added end of root/stem.
- Different kind of suffixes.
- Suffix changes meaning of original word. But still highly related to original word.
- Suffixes between page 245-250 in book have been presented visually and more clearly in: Fancy Grammar > 4. Suffixes.
- A short ending added to end of root or stem. It modifies the meaning. Study below examples…
Adverbs:
- What is it?
- An adverb tells how a verb is done. EG: I am walking joyfully (adverb).
- In Sanskrit, adverb is like an Indeclinable. Meaning don't decline it.
- To avoid double writeup, read about Adverbs at: Fancy Grammar > 4. Suffixes > 2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES THAT FORM: ADVERBS
Desiderative: (sannanta सन्नन्त)
- What is it?
- Expresses desire/wish/want.
- EG: PRESENT: gacchati गच्छति : He goes | DESIDERATIVE: jigamiṣati जिगमिषति : He desires/wants/wishes to go.
- Examples:
English: | Desiderative: |
Sītā (desires to go) to the forest. | sītā vanam jigamiṣati सीता वनम् जिगमिषति |
Rāma (wants to sing) to Sita. | rāmaḥ sītām jigāsati रामः सीताम् जिगासति |
I (want to speak) to my friend. | aham mama mitram vivadiṣāmi अहम् मम मित्रम् विवदिषामि |
You (desire to learn) Sanskrit. | tvam saṃskṛtam pipaṭhiṣasi त्वम् संस्कृतम् पिपठिषसि |
Seeker (wants to cross) ocean of saṃsāra. | jijñāsuḥ saṃsārasya samudram titīrṣati जिज्ञासुः संसारस्य समुद्रम् तितीर्षति |
- CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
- Formula:
- STEP 1:
- Reduplication of root + √root + sa स / iṣa इष + P/Ā [ Garden PG4 (43-50) for all 10 verb classes ]
- EG: √gam गम् 1P > jagamiṣati जिगमिषति > go to STEP 2 below…
- STEP 2:
- Find any of these vowels ( a अ, ā आ, ṛ ऋ, ṝ ॠ, i इ, ī ई ) in the reduplicated portion. And replace with: i इ
- EG: jagamiṣati जगमिषति > Replace a अ with i इ.
Therefore final word becomes: jigamiṣati जिगमिषति : He desires to go.
- STEP 1:
- Example:
- √tyaj त्यज् 1P > Reduplication: tatyaj तत्यज् > Apply Step 2: tityakṣati तित्यक्षति (j ज् changed to k क् due to sandhi) > He wants to abandon.
- Formula:
- Can also form ADJECTIVE from Desiderative:
- Replace stem's last a अ with u उ + decline like [Garden PG2 (24-26)].
- EG: √pā पा 1P > pipāsa पिपास : He wants to drink > pipāsu (adj) : thirsty.
- Can also form NOUN from Desiderative:
- Replace stem's a अ with ā आ + decline like Garden #2.
- EG:
- √man मन् 4Ā (to think) > mīmāṃsa (long ī ई is irregularity) > mīmāṃsā मीमांसा (f) : desire to think; IE: analysis.
- √jñā √ज्ञा 9P (to know) > jijñāsa > jijñāsā जिज्ञासा (f) : desire to know; IE: curiosity.
- √śak शक् 5P (be able) > śikṣa > śikṣā शिक्षा (f) : desire to be able; IE: learning.
Homework:
- STEP 1:
- Study Suffixes on this page. For thorough understanding, see: Fancy Grammar > 4. Suffixes
- STEP 2:
- Study Adverbs on this page.
- STEP 3:
- Study Desiderative on this page.
- STEP 4:
- PG243/244: Familiarize with new paradigms, or can see at [Garden PG2 (17, 29)].
- STEP 5:
- PG258: Learn new vocabulary.
- STEP 6:
- PG241 & 256: Attempt to translate the verse.
- Break down sandhi.
- Write English definition top of each word.
- Translate.
- PG241 & 256: Attempt to translate the verse.
- STEP 7:
- PG 259-262: Do the exercises.
Questions:
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Recorded 12 Feb, 2023