Summary:

Causative is implied verb. And ayam/iyam/idam/ena are forms for word “this”.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

Session deals with: VOL2, L29, PG 222-233

Causative:  ^{(ṇij णिज्)}

• What is it? 
  • “He causes ACCUSATIVE to ___“.
• Purpose of Causative?
  • It allows verbs to be translated figuratively ^{(implied meaning)}. Due to their less rigid nature, most texts prefer Causative Verbs, thus learn to love them and take this lesson seriously. Will see what is meant by figurative in table below — indicated by FIGURATIVE.
• How to form?
  • Simplified:
    • Causative construction is 100% IDENTICAL to Class 10 Verbs. We're basically converting Class 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 to Class 10. That's all there is to it!
    • In fact, not a single Class 10 verb has Causative at sanskrit.inria.fr. Because Causative for Class 10 would be exactly the same as it's Normal Verbs. Meaning “cintayati चिन्तयति” can also mean, “He causes ACC to think“.
  • Formula:
    • ^strengthened√root  +  i इ (99% of time will appear as: aya अय or ay अय् )  +  P/Ā
      • Root is strengthened either to Guṇa or vṛddhi. No specific rule. Must memorize.
      • aya seen in:
        • Present (laṭ)
        • Imperfect (laṅ)
        • Imperative (loṭ)
        • Present Participle (vartamāne kṛdanta)
      • ay seen in:
        • Optative (liṅ)
        • Simple Future (lṛṭ)
        • Periphrastic Future (luṭ)
        • Future Participle (bhaviṣyatkāle kṛdanta)
        • Future Passive Participle / Gerundive
        • Infinitive (tumun)
        • Gerund (ktvā)
    • Examples:
      1. √gup गुप् 1P  > gopayati  गोपयति   ^(guṇa)    : He causes ACC to go.  
      2. √tuṣ तुष् 4P   > toṣayati    तोषयति  ^(guṇa)    : He causes ACC to be satisfied.
      3. √dhṛ धृ  1U   > dhārayati  धारयति  ^(vṛddhi)  : He causes ACC to hold. 
    • Special Rules:
      • Some roots take p प् before aya अय / ay अय्.
      • EG:
        1. √ji    जि 1P     > jāpayati    जापयति   : He causes ACC to conquer.
        2. √jñā ज्ञा 9U    > jñāpayati  ज्ञापयति    : He causes ACC to know.
        3. √dā  दा  3U   > dāpayati    दापयति   : He causes ACC to give.
• Causative Sentence Examples: 

Word for ‘This': 

• In English, word “this” is used for all genders. In Sanskrit, “this” has M/N/F and 3 different words for “this“.
• Open Garden PG3, #40-42. Notice black/brown/blue words in each gender. It means there's 3 words for “this“. Most often used is black version (IE: ayam/iyam/idam  अयम्/इयम्/इदम्), thus stick with it.
• Comparison:
  1. blue (ena एन) version:
     • Used least (may never see).
     • It can't be used before a noun. Can only be used by itself.
     • Can't use it as first word in sentence.
  2. black/brown version:
     • Can be used by themselves (EG: What is this? / etat kim एतत् किम् ?), or before a noun (EG: This woman / eṣā nārī एषा नारी).
     • Can be first word in sentence.
• Sentence Examples:

Homework:

• STEP 1:
  • Study Causative on this page. Go through each sentence example.
• STEP 2:
  • Study word “This” on this page. Open up Garden PG3, #40-42.
• STEP 3:
  • Learn the new irregular “u उ” paradigm in Garden PG2, #28. It's same to #27, except Single (ACC/ABL/GEN) & Plural (ACC, GEN).
• STEP 4:
  • PG 212: Learn the Vocab.
• STEP 5:
  • PG219: Attempt to translate the verse.
    1. Break down sandhi.
    2. Write English definition top of each word.
    3. Translate.
    4. Compare your translation to author's.
• STEP 6:
  • PG 235-238: Do the exercises.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 21 Nov, 2022