Fancy Sanskrit Grammar Tables
Purpose of this page is to summarize, simplify, and even prettify the Sanskrit grammar into three tenses: past, present and future. It references or charts all forms of verbs and moods mentioned in Panini grammar тАФ in layman terms. The most crucial points are listed. Also includes all possible compounds, prefixes and suffixes.
STORY: This work was originally for private use to get a quick birds-eye-view of any grammatical concept, with sentence examples. Released to public after 5 years for others to appreciate a logical, organized approach тАФ as much as I do.
Updated: 22 Aug 2024 | Download: PDF IAST / PDF Devanagari | By Acharya Andre
- тИЪ = root (dh─Бtu). Active = (P)arasmaipada. Middle = (─А)tmanepada.
- “Formula:” shows how to construct the verb and what endings it takes.
- “Garden PG4 (43)” means, go to Sanskrit Garden PG4, table 43.
- Complimentary: Sanskrit Online Tools (look under C & D) | Participles rules.
Name: | PRESENT TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
(Form of: Present Participle) |
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LOC: P/─А locative of Present Participle. If “api” after LOC/GEN Present Participle verb, then sentence starts with: “Even though/while…” |
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Benedictive / Precative Sanskrit Names: ─Б┼Ы─лrliс╣Е / ─Б┼Ыis |
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P: тИЪ + y─Б + [Garden PG4 (59)] A: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (60)] |
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Imperative Sanskrit Names: loс╣н / ─Бj├▒─Б |
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Present STEM + P/─А [Garden PG4 (47, 48 / 55, 56)] |
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Infinitive Sanskrit Names: tumun / tumananta |
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Indeclinable. guс╣ЗaтИЪ + tum / itum |
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Injunctive |
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P/─А (10 Verb Classes): Identical to Aorist's various forms, but without initial “a“. |
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Optative / Potential Sanskrit Names: liс╣Е / vidhi / vidhiliс╣Е |
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Class 1,4,6,10: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (49, 50)] Non-1,4,6,10: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (57, 58)] |
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Present Indicative Sanskrit Names: laс╣н / vartam─Бnak─Бlaс╕е / vartam─Бna |
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Construction for 10 verb classes found in [Garden PG5]. P/─А endings: [Garden PG4 (43, 44 / 51, 52)] |
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Present Participle Sanskrit Names: vartam─Бne kс╣Ыdanta |
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SIMPLIFIED: TECHNICAL: ─А: STEM + m─Бna/─Бna + [Garden (1, 2)] |
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Present Passive Participle (Form of: Present Participle) |
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тИЪ + ya + m─Бna(for all 10 verb classes) + [Garden (1, 2)] |
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Present Passive Sanskrit Names: karmaс╣Зi prayoga / karmav─Бcya / bh─Бvav─Бcya |
тИЪ + ya + ─А [Garden PG4 (44 / 52)] |
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Name: | PAST TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Aorist Sanskrit Names: luс╣Е / s─Бm─Бny─Б bhutak─Бlaс╕е / bh┼лta |
Simple: Form 1: Form 2: Reduplication: Form 3: Sibilant: Form 4 (sa): Form 5 (siс╣г): Form 6 (s): Form 7 (iс╣г): Passive: |
тЧД For efficiency, formula is on left side. |
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Conditional Sanskrit Names: lс╣Ыс╣Е / с╕╖с╣Е / saс╣Еketa / saс╣Гketa |
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a + simple future + imperfect endings [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)] |
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Gerund / Absolutive / Indeclinable |
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Indeclinable. |
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Imperfect Sanskrit Names: laс╣Е / anadyatana bh┼лta |
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a + тИЪ + P/─А [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)] |
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Imperfect Passive / Past Passive |
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a + тИЪ + ya + imperfect ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Past Participle (Active) Sanskrit Names: ktavatu |
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PPP + (mas, n): vat/vant / (fem): vat─л + decline like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)] |
VERB:
ADJ:
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VERB:
ADJ:
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Past Passive Participle (PPP) Sanskrit Names: bh┼лte kс╣Ыdanta |
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тИЪ + -ta -ita -─лta -na + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)] |
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Perfect Sanskrit Names: liс╣н / parokс╣гa bh┼лta |
redupтИЪ + [ (P: Single = apply guс╣Зa to root | Dual/Pl = leave root alone) (─А: S/D/P = leave root alone) ] + (potential ‘ i ‘) + [Garden PG4 (61, 62)] |
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Name: | FUTURE TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Future Passive Participle (FPP) / Gerundive |
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guс╣Зa (rarely vс╣Ыddhi)тИЪ + -an─лya -tavya -ya + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)] |
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Future Participle (Active & Middle) Sanskrit Names: bhaviс╣гyatk─Бle kс╣Ыdanta |
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Simple Future STEM + [Garden PG7]for all 10 verb classes (Ignore the orange endings, as only applies to Present Participles) |
FORM 1:
FORM 2:
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FORM 1:
FORM 2:
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Future Passive |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -sya -iс╣гya + [Garden PG4 (44)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Periphrastic Future / Distant Future Sanskrit Names: luс╣н / anadyatana bhaviс╣гyat |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -t─Б -it─Б + [Garden PG4 (63)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Simple Future Sanskrit Names: lс╣Ыс╣н / с╕╖с╣н / s─Бm─Бny─Б bhaviс╣гyan / bhaviс╣гyat |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -sya -iс╣гya + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43, 44)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Type: | VERB FORMATIONS: |
Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Primary Verbs: | ||||
Normal Sanskrit Names: apratyay─Бnta |
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Secondary Verbs: | ||||
Causative Sanskrit Names: с╣Зijanta / с╣Зij / preraс╣З─Бrthaka |
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strenghtenedтИЪ + i (appears as either: aya / ay) + P/─А aya seen in: Present / Imperfect / Imperative / Present Participle ay seen in: Optative / Simple Future / Periphrastic Future / Future Participle / Future Passive Participle / Infinitive / Gerund * Some roots take ‘p‘ before aya/ay. EG: тИЪj├▒─Б > j├▒─Бpayati |
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Desiderative Sanskrit Names: sannanta / san |
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Reduplication [Replace: a ─Б с╣Ы с╣Э i ─л > i] + тИЪ + sa/iс╣гa + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Intensive / Frequentative Sanskrit Names: yaс╣Еanta / kriy─Бtipattau lс╣Ыс╣Е |
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Construction has 2 forms: Form 1: Always take Parasmaipada. Has 2 styles.
Form 2: Always takes ─Аtmanepada.
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Denominative Sanskrit Names: n─Бmadh─Бtu / n─Бmadhatavaс╕е |
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NOUN STEM + ya + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)] |
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COMPOUNDS: (sam─Бsa) |
English: | Sanskrit: | |
General Info |
6 RULES:
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1. dvandva All members important. 2 types. |
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CATEGORY 1:
CATEGORY 2:
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2. tatpuruс╣гa (TP) Last member more important. Meaning, if first member was missing, sentence would still makes sense. 8 types. |
1) Vyadhikaraс╣Зa-tatpuruс╣гa (Case-tp): (Son of R─Бma: r─Бmaputraс╕е)
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CATEGORY 1:
CATEGORY 2: PRONOUN + NOUN: RULE 3
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2) Karmadh─Бraya (kd): (White garland: ┼Ыuklam─Бl─Б)
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CATEGORY 1: ADJ + NOUN:
CATEGORY 2: NOUN + NOUN/PPP:
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3) Upapada (tpu): (Standing in purity: sattvasthaс╕е)
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4) Na├▒ / Sam─Бsana: (dharma / adharma)
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5) Pr─Бdi:
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6) Gati:
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7) Upam─Бna: (Dear like a friend: mitrapriya)
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8) Dvigu: (Bicycle: dvicakrik─Б)
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3. bahuvr─лhi (BV) All members important. |
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4. avyay─лbh─Бva |
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PREFIXES: (upasargaс╕е) |
ABOUT
LIST
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SUFFIXES: (pratyayaс╕е) |
2 kinds of suffixesтАж
1. PRIMARY SUFFIXES (kс╣Ыt pratyaya)
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES (taddhita pratyaya)
Indicates: POSSESSION
Indicates: PAST TENSE
Indicates: STATE OF BEING
Indicates: RELATING TO
2. MORE SECONDARY SUFFIXES (taddhita)
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES THAT FORM: ADVERBS
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Name: | PRESENT TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
(Form of: Present Participle) |
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LOC: P/─А locative of Present Participle. If “рдЕрдкрд┐” after LOC/GEN Present Participle verb, then sentence starts with: “Even though/while…” |
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Benedictive / Precative Sanskrit Names: рдЖрд╢реАрд░реНрд▓рд┐рдЩреН / рдЖрд╢рд┐рд╕реН |
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P: тИЪ + рдпрд╛ + [Garden PG4 (59)] A: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (60)] |
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Imperative Sanskrit Names: рд▓реЛрдЯреН / рдЖрдЬреНрдЮрд╛ |
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Present STEM + P/─А [Garden PG4 (47, 48 / 55, 56)] |
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Infinitive Sanskrit Names: рддреБрдореБрдиреН / рддреБрдордирдиреНрдд |
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Indeclinable. guс╣ЗaтИЪ + рддреБрдореН / рдЗрддреБрдореН |
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Injunctive |
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P/─А (10 Verb Classes): Identical to Aorist's various forms, but without initial “рдЕ”. |
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Optative / Potential Sanskrit Names: рд▓рд┐рдЩреН / рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐ / рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЩреН |
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Class 1,4,6,10: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (49, 50)] Non-1,4,6,10: тИЪ + [Garden PG4 (57, 58)] |
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Present Indicative Sanskrit Names: рд▓рдЯреН / рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рдирдХрд╛рд▓рдГ / рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рди |
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Construction for 10 verb classes found in [Garden PG5]. P/─А endings: [Garden PG4 (43, 44 / 51, 52)] |
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Present Participle Sanskrit Names: рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рдиреЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд |
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SIMPLIFIED: TECHNICAL: ─А: STEM + рдорд╛рди / рдЖрди + [Garden (1, 2)] |
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Present Passive Participle (Form of: Present Participle) |
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тИЪ + рдп + рдорд╛рди (for all 10 verb classes) + [Garden (1, 2)] |
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Present Passive Sanskrit Names: рдХрд░реНрдордгрд┐ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ / рдХрд░реНрдорд╡рд╛рдЪреНрдп / рднрд╛рд╡рд╡рд╛рдЪреНрдп |
тИЪ + рдп + ─А [Garden PG4 (44 / 52)] |
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Name: | PAST TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Aorist Sanskrit Names: рд▓реБрдЩреН / рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрд╛ рднреБрддрдХрд╛рд▓рдГ / рднреВрдд |
Simple: Form 1: Form 2: Reduplication: Form 3: Sibilant: Form 4 (sa): Form 5 (siс╣г): Form 6 (s): Form 7 (iс╣г): Passive: |
тЧД For efficiency, formula is on left side. |
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Conditional Sanskrit Names: рд▓реГрдЩреН / рдМрдЩреН / рд╕рдЩреНрдХреЗрдд / рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд |
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рдЕ + simple future + imperfect endings [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)] |
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Gerund / Absolutive / Indeclinable Past Participle Sanskrit Names: рдХреНрддреНрд╡рд╛ / рддреНрд╡рд╛рдиреНрдд / рдХреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рдиреНрдд / рд▓реНрдпрдмрдиреНрдд / рд▓реНрдпрдкреН |
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Indeclinable. |
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Imperfect Sanskrit Names: рд▓рдЩреН / рдЕрдирджреНрдпрддрди рднреВрдд |
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рдЕ + тИЪ + P/─А [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)] |
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Imperfect Passive / Past Passive |
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рдЕ + тИЪ + рдп + imperfect ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Past Participle (Active рдкрд░рд╕реНрдореИрдкрдж) Sanskrit Names: рдХреНрддрд╡рддреБ |
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PPP + (mas, n): рд╡рддреН / рд╡рдиреНрддреН / (fem): рд╡рддреА + declines like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)] |
NOUN:
ADJ:
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NOUN:
ADJ:
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Past Passive Participle (PPP) Sanskrit Names: рднреВрддреЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд |
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тИЪ + -рдд -рдЗрдд -рдИрдд -рди + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)] |
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Perfect Sanskrit Names: рд▓рд┐рдЯреН / рдкрд░реЛрдХреНрд╖ рднреВрдд |
redupтИЪ + [ (P: Single = apply guс╣Зa to root | Dual/Pl = leave root alone) (─А: SDP = leave root alone) ] + (potential ‘ рдЗ ‘) + [Garden PG4 (61, 62)] |
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Name: | FUTURE TENSE: | Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Future Passive Participle (FPP) / Gerundive |
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guс╣Зa (rarely vс╣Ыddhi)тИЪ + -рдЕрдиреАрдп -рддрд╡реНрдп -рдп + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)] |
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Future Participle (Active рдкрд░рд╕реНрдореИрдкрдж & Middle рдЖрддреНрдордиреЗрдкрдж) Sanskrit Names: рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд |
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Simple Future STEM + [Garden PG7]for all 10 verb classes (Ignore the orange endings, as only applies to Present Participles) |
FORM 1:
FORM 2:
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FORM 1:
FORM 2:
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Future Passive |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -рд╕реНрдп -рдЗрд╖реНрдп + [Garden PG4 (44)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Periphrastic Future / Distant Future Sanskrit Names: рд▓реБрдЯреН / рдЕрдирджреНрдпрддрди рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -рддрд╛ -рдЗрддрд╛ + [Garden PG4 (61)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Simple Future Sanskrit Names: рд▓реГрдЯреН / рдМрдЯреН / рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрд╛ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреН / рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН |
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guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -рд╕реНрдп -рдЗрд╖реНрдп + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43, 44)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Type: | VERB FORMATIONS: |
Formula: | English: | Sanskrit: |
Primary Verbs: | ||||
Normal Sanskrit Names: рдЕрдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрд╛рдиреНрдд |
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Secondary Verbs: | ||||
Causative Sanskrit Names: рдгрд┐рдЬрдиреНрдд / рдгрд┐рдЬреН / рдкреНрд░реЗрд░рдгрд╛рд░реНрдердХ |
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strenghtenedтИЪ + рдЗ (appears as either: рдЕрдп / рдЕрдпреН) + P/─А рдЕрдп seen in: Present / Imperfect / Imperative / Present Participle рдЕрдпреН seen in: Optative / Simple Future / Periphrastic Future / Future Participle / Future Passive Participle / Infinitive / Gerund * Some roots take рдкреН before рдЕрдп / рдЕрдпреН. EG: тИЪрдЬреНрдЮрд╛ > рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдкрдпрддрд┐ |
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Desiderative Sanskrit Names: рд╕рдиреНрдирдиреНрдд / рд╕рдиреН |
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Reduplication [Replace: рдЕ рдЖ рдЛ реа рдЗ рдИ > рдЗ] + тИЪ + рд╕/рдЗрд╖ + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)for all 10 verb classes] |
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Intensive / Frequentative Sanskrit Names: рдпрдЩрдиреНрдд / рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рддрд┐рдкрддреНрддреМ рд▓реГрдЩреН |
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Construction has 2 forms: Form 1: Always take Parasmaipada. Has 2 styles.
Form 2: Always takes ─Аtmanepada.
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Denominative Sanskrit Names: рдирд╛рдордзрд╛рддреБ / рдирд╛рдордзрддрд╡рдГ |
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NOUN STEM + рдп + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)] |
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COMPOUNDS: (рд╕рдорд╛рд╕) |
English: | Sanskrit: | |
General Info |
6 RULES:
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1. рджреНрд╡рдиреНрджреНрд╡ All members important. 2 types. |
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CATEGORY 1:
CATEGORY 2:
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2. рддрддреНрдкреБрд░реБрд╖ (TP) Last member more important. Meaning, if first member was missing, sentence would still makes sense. 8 types. |
1) рд╡реНрдпрдзрд┐рдХрд░рдг-рддрддреНрдкреБрд░реБрд╖ (Case-tp) (Son of R─Бma: рд░рд╛рдордкреБрддреНрд░рдГ)
CATEGORY 1: (a) Case-tp: Whatever the case of the FIRST member, is the name of the compound. (b) Case-tp-ppp (past passive participle).
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CATEGORY 1:
CATEGORY 2: PRONOUN + NOUN: RULE 3
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2) рдХрд░реНрдордзрд╛рд░рдп (kd) (White garland: рд╢реБрдХреНрд▓рдорд╛рд▓рд╛)
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CATEGORY 1: ADJ + NOUN:
CATEGORY 2: NOUN + NOUN/PPP:
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3) рдЙрдкрдкрдж (tpu) (Standing in purity: рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╕реНрдердГ)
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4) рдирдЮреН / рд╕рдорд╛рд╕рди (рдзрд░реНрдо / рдЕрдзрд░реНрдо)
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5) рдкреНрд░рд╛рджрд┐
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6) рдЧрддрд┐
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7) рдЙрдкрдорд╛рди (Dear like a friend: рдорд┐рддреНрд░рдкреНрд░рд┐рдп)
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8) рджреНрд╡рд┐рдЧреБ (Bicycle: рджреНрд╡рд┐рдЪрдХреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛)
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3. рдмрд╣реБрд╡реНрд░реАрд╣рд┐ (BV) All members important. |
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4. рдЕрд╡реНрдпрдпреАрднрд╛рд╡ |
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PREFIXES: (рдЙрдкрд╕рд░реНрдЧрдГ) |
ABOUT
LIST
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SUFFIXES: (рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрдГ) |
2 kinds of suffixesтАж
1. PRIMARY SUFFIXES (рдХреГрддреН рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдп)
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES (рддрджреНрдзрд┐рдд рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдп)
Indicates: POSSESSION
Indicates: PAST TENSE
Indicates: STATE OF BEING
Indicates: RELATING TO
2. MORE SECONDARY SUFFIXES (рддрджреНрдзрд┐рдд)
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES THAT FORM: ADVERBS
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