Fancy Sanskrit Grammar Tables

sanskrit-grammar-tablePurpose of this page is to summarize, simplify, and even prettify the Sanskrit grammar into three tenses: past, present and future. It references or charts all forms of verbs and moods mentioned in Panini grammar тАФ in layman terms. The most crucial points are listed. Also includes all possible compounds, prefixes and suffixes.

STORY: This work was originally for private use to get a quick birds-eye-view of any grammatical concept, with sentence examples. Released to public after 5 years for others to appreciate a logical, organized approach тАФ as much as I do.

Updated: 22 Aug 2024 | Download: PDF IAST / PDF Devanagari  | By Acharya Andre

Legend & How to use

  • тИЪ = root (dh─Бtu).  Active = (P)arasmaipada.  Middle = (─А)tmanepada.
  • “Formula:” shows how to construct the verb and what endings it takes.
  • “Garden PG4 (43)” means, go to Sanskrit Garden PG4, table 43.
  • Complimentary:  Sanskrit Online Tools (look under C & D)   |  Participles rules.

Name: PRESENT TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:

Absolute

(Form of: Present Participle)

  • (NOM ACC VERB) (NOM ACC VERB). Two sets of action happening on LEFT & RIGHT side of sentence. EG: (While R─Бma is hunting deer), (S─лt─Б cooks food).
  • Construction is 100% identical to Present Participle, except it makes sentence start with: While/When/As/Even though…
  • RULE: The LEFT side of sentence (both the NOM & Present Participle verb) takes either LOC or GEN.
  • Can also be used with Past Participle.

LOC: P/─А locative of Present Participle

GEN: P/─А genitive of Present Participle.

If “api” after LOC/GEN Present Participle verb, then sentence starts with: “Even though/while…”

  1. LOC: (While/when/as R─Бma is speaking), boy hears.
  2. LOC + ‘api‘: (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
  3. api‘ can also be used without LOC/GEN:
    (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
  4. LOC: (When Rama goes to forest), Sita goes.
  5. GEN: (While the king was speaking), the boy laughed.
  6. GEN: (While he looks), she goes.
  1. (r─Бmeloc bh─Бс╣гam─Бneloc) balaс╕е ┼Ыс╣Ыс╣Зoti
  2. (r─Бj├▒iloc g─Бyatiloc api) balaс╕е tam na ┼Ыс╣Ыс╣Зoti
  3. (r─Бj─Бnom g─Бyannom api) balaс╕е tam na ┼Ыс╣Ыс╣Зoti
  4. (r─Бmeloc vanam gacchatiloc) s─лt─Б gacchati
  5. (r─Бj├▒aс╕еgen bh─Бс╣гam─Бс╣Зasyagen) b─Бlaс╕е ahasat
  6. (tasyagen pa┼Ыyataс╕еgen) s─Б gacchati
Benedictive / Precative
Sanskrit Names: ─Б┼Ы─лrliс╣Е / ─Б┼Ыis
  • Expresses the SUBJECT'S wish, hope or blessing. English equivalent, May you be healthy. May I become successful. I do not see what would/may remove my sorrow”.
  • Used mainly for uttering blessings or prayers.
  • RARE.

P: тИЪ  +  y─Б    [Garden PG4 (59)]

A:  тИЪ  +  [Garden PG4 (60)]
  1. P: May R─Бma be the king!
  2. P: May we remember the knowledge.
  3. ─А: May you perform the auspicious ritual today!
  1. r─Бmaс╕е nс╣Ыpaс╕е bh┼лy─Бt
  2. vidy─Бm smary─Бsma
  3. suyaj├▒am adya kс╣Ыс╣г─лс╣гс╣нh─Бс╕е
Imperative
Sanskrit Names: loс╣н / ─Бj├▒─Б
  • COMMAND. Expresses: instruction, invitation, request, prayer and benediction.
  • 2nd person for casual. EG: You MUST (ought to)__! Leave now!
  • 3rd person for polite-ness. EG: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!  (Since it's impolite to say: Guru, eat the fruit!)
  • Used interchangeably with Optative.
  • Negated with m─Б.
  • Read more.
Present STEM + P/─А [Garden PG4 (47, 48 / 55, 56)]
  1. (You) Listen, son!
  2. You must(ought to) go to the forest! / Go to the forest!
  3. POLITE: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!
  4. POLITE: May my friends be satisfied!
  1. he putravoc  ┼Ыс╣Ыс╣Зu
  2. tvam vanam gaccha
  3. guruс╕е phalam kh─Бdatu
  4. mama mitr─Бni sukhit─Бni bhavantu
Infinitive
Sanskrit Names: tumun / tumananta
  • Shows purpose. EG: to eat, to learn
  • Sometimes replaces Dative.
  • Negated with na.
  • Read more.
Indeclinable.
guс╣ЗaтИЪ + tum / itum
  1. R─Бma wants to go.
  2. R─Бma does not desire to come from the forest.
  3. Passive: Book is able to be read (by the boy).
  1. r─Бmaс╕е gantum icchati
  2. r─Бmaс╕е van─Бt ─Бgantum na icchati
  3. b─Бlena pustakam paс╣нhitum ┼Ыakyate
Injunctive
  • It's a negative Imperative. Hence preceded with m─Б (not).
  • Constructed from Aorist's 7 forms.
  • Removed in Classical Sanskrit (same fate of Aorist) because too complex. Replaced by Imperative.
  • RARE.
P/─А (10 Verb Classes): Identical to Aorist's various forms, but without initial “a“.
  1. Don't do that!
  2. Let Bharata not be the king! / Bharata must not beтАж
  3. O Arjuna, you must not go to weakness!
  1. tat m─Б k─Бrс╣г─лt (тИЪkс╣Ы 8U)
  2. bharataс╕е r─Бj─Б m─Б bh┼лt (тИЪbh┼л 1P)
  3. he arjuna, klaibyam m─Б gamaс╕е
Optative / Potential
Sanskrit Names: liс╣Е / vidhi / vidhiliс╣Е
  • Expresses a WISH. Indicates either (A) тАЬShould/Had betterтАЭ, or (B) тАЬMight/May/WouldтАЭ perform the action.
  • Think of it as a gentle order (less forceful then Imperative), advice, expectation, suggestion.
  • Can be used interchangeably with Imperative, if using “should”.
  • Read more.
Class 1,4,6,10:
тИЪ  +  [Garden PG4 (49, 50)]

Non-1,4,6,10:
тИЪ  +  [Garden PG4 (57, 58)]
  1. R─Бma should obtain S─лt─Б!
  2. You should be a Pundit!
  3. He who wishes for peace should go to the forest.
  4. These boys might play in the pond!
  5. If mother should not come, then daughter might die. (LIT: might become dead)
  6. In that house, you (pl) may not find food.
  7. If R─Бma should not return from the forest, then I would die!
  1. r─Бmaс╕е s─лtam labheta
  2. paс╣Зс╕Нitam bhaveс╕е
  3. yaс╕е s─Бntim icchati, sa vanam caret
  4. b─Бl─Бс╕е v─Бpy─Бm d─лvyeyuс╕е
  5. yadi m─Бt─Б na ─Бgacchet, tarhi kany─Б mс╣Ыt─Б bhavet
  6. tasmin gс╣Ыhe, ─Бh─Бram na labhedhvam
  7. yadi r─Бmaс╕е van─Бt na pratigacchet, tarhi aham mriyeya
Present Indicative
Sanskrit Names: laс╣н / vartam─Бnak─Бlaс╕е / vartam─Бna
  • Action is done now.
  • Adding “sma” turns it into Imperfect.

Construction for 10 verb classes found in [Garden PG5].

P/─А endings: [Garden PG4 (43, 44 / 51, 52)]

  1. Man goes (is going / goes).
  2. Boy speaks (is speaking / speaks).
  3. Can use to make Imperfect: Boy spoke to his sister.
  4. Can indicate Present Indicative via Present Passive: The man/men runs. (LIT: It is run by the man/men.)
  1. naraс╕е gacchati
  2. b─Бlaс╕е bh─Бс╣гate
  3. b─Бlaс╕е tasya svas─Бram vadati sma
  4. narena/naraiс╕еinst dh─Бvyate (always in Single)
Present Participle
Sanskrit Names: vartam─Бne kс╣Ыdanta
  • ing.  (EG: walking, speaking, doing)
  • (LEFT SIDE) (RIGHT SIDE). Used like Gerund; it's placed on LEFT side of sentence.
  • Acts like ADJ. Takes Gender/Num/Case(optional)  of the Subject or Noun which the Present Participle is referring to.
  • Read more (has many rules).

SIMPLIFIED:
P/─А: тИЪ  +  [Garden PG7]

TECHNICAL:
P: тИЪ  +  at  +  [Garden (12, 31, 32)].

─А: STEM + m─Бna/─Бna + [Garden (1, 2)]

  1. (Going to the forest), R─Бma sees a deer.
  2. (Seeing the deer), S─лt─Б speaks to R─Бma.
  3. (Speaking to S─лta), R─Бma kisses her.
  4. Boy runs (from the falling house).
  5. Having seen Rama approaching, all stood up.
  6. Speaking, she walks.
  7. The (approaching R─Бma) saw the (laughing sage).
  8. (Seeing the demons), the sages abandoned the awful forest.
  1. (vanam gacchan) r─Бmaс╕е mс╣Ыgam pa┼Ыyati
  2. (mс╣Ыgam pa┼Ыyan─л) sit─Б r─Бmam vadati
  3. (s─лt─Бm bh─Бс╣гam─Бnaс╕е) r─Бmaс╕е t─Бm cumbati
  4. (patataс╕еn,abl gс╣Ыh─Бtn,abl) b─Бlaс╕е dh─Бvati
  5. (r─Бmamacc ─Бgacchantamacc dс╣Ыс╣гс╣нv─Б) sarve udatiс╣гс╣нhan
  6. bh─Бс╣гam─Бn─Б carati
  7. (hasantam munim) (upagacchan r─Бmaс╕е) apa┼Ыyat
  8. (rakс╣гas─Бn pa┼Ыyantaс╕е) munayaс╕е ghoravanam atyajan

Present Passive Participle

(Form of: Present Participle)

тИЪ + ya + m─Бna(for all 10 verb classes) + [Garden (1, 2)]
  1. (Being led by R─Бma), the army conquers the enemies.  (Who is being led? Army. Thus declines like “army“)
  2. (Being asked by Krishna), Radha speaks.
  3. (In the forest, being gone to (approached) by Rama), the sage was pleased to see him.
  4. (The statement being spoken by me), comes from experience.
  5. (The men being slain by the lion), cry for help.
  6. (Being struck by Rama), the demons ran far from the forest.
  1. (r─Бmeс╣Зa n─лyam─Бn─Бsen─Б ┼Ыatr┼лс╕е jayati
  2. (kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зena pс╣Ыcchyam─Бn─Бr─Бdh─Б vadati
  3. (rameс╣Зa vaneloc gamyam─Бneloc) muniс╕е tam draс╣гс╣нum tuс╣гс╣нaс╕е  (In this eg, the Participle agrees with the Object.)
  4. (may─Б vacanam bh─Бс╣гyam─Бnam) kau┼Ыal─Бt ─Бgacchat
  5. (siс╣Гhena nar─Бn hanyam─Бn─Бn) upk─Бr─Бya kro┼Ыanti
  6. (rameс╣Зa tudyam─Бn─Бс╕е) rakс╣гas─Бс╕е van─Бt d┼лram adh─Бvan
Present Passive
Sanskrit Names: karmaс╣Зi prayoga / karmav─Бcya / bh─Бvav─Бcya
  • (is / are / are being)optional  –ed
  • EG: protected, is protected,  are desired,  are being desired.
  • ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
  • The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases.
  • Family: Imperfect Passive, Future Passive.
  • Read more | More examples: 1, 2.
тИЪ + ya + ─А [Garden PG4 (44 / 52)]
  1. Book  (is / is being) read  by the boy.
  2. Scriptures (are / are being) heard by steady minds.
  3. Anger (is) called enemy of the wise.
  4. Bliss attained by yogis, should be obtained by all.
  5. I am desired passionatelyadv by my wife.
  6. Tree is walked (to) by R─Бma.
  1. pustakamnom  b─Бlena  paс╣нhyate
  2. ┼Ыrutiс╕е ni┼Ыcalamanobhiс╕е ┼Ыr┼лyate
  3. krodhaс╕е man─лс╣гin┼Ыatruс╕е ucyate
  4. ─Бnandaс╕е yogibhiс╕е pr─Бpyate, sarvaiс╕е ─Бpan─лyaс╕е
  5. aham mama bh─Бryay─Б mandanena iс╣гye
  6. vс╣Ыkс╣гaс╕е r─Бmena caryate
Name: PAST TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Aorist
Sanskrit Names: luс╣Е / s─Бm─Бny─Б bhutak─Бlaс╕е / bh┼лta

7 Ways to Construct

Simple:

  • Form 1:
    ┬╗ P only:+  тИЪ  +   P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes]

  • Form 2:
    ┬╗ P: тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А:+  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes] * irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.

Reduplication:

  • Form 3:
    ┬╗ P:
    a + Reduplication (with extra Aorist rules)  +  тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А: a + Reduplication (with extra Aorist rules)  +  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]

Sibilant:

  • Form 4 (sa): 
    ┬╗
    Rules: [1] Only applies to roots that end in: ┼Ы / с╣г / h. [2] No root strengthening. [3] Due to sandhi, last ┼Ы in root will change to kс╣г.  EG: тИЪspс╣Ы┼Ы > spс╣Ыkс╣г.

    ┬╗ P: тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А: +  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.

  • Form 5 (siс╣г): 
    ┬╗
    Applies (mostly) to roots ending in -─Б, and following roots: тИЪnam 1P (worship), тИЪyam 1P (support), тИЪram 1─А (enjoy).

    ┬╗ P Only: a  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  siс╣г +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes]

  • Form 6 (s):
    ┬╗ Rules: [1] Due to sandhi, s will change into с╣г. [2] Medial vowel in root, doesn't take guс╣Зa in ─А.
    ┬╗ P:
    a  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  s  +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes] 

    ┬╗ ─А: a  +  guс╣ЗaтИЪ  +  s  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (54)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have: s.

  • Form 7 (iс╣г):
    ┬╗ Rules: [1]
    Medial vowel in root, is made guс╣Зa in both P/─А. However medial -a is unchanged.
    ┬╗ P: a  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  iс╣г  +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes] *3 irregularities
    ┬╗ ─А: a  +  guс╣ЗaтИЪ   +  iс╣г  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (54)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have:  с╣г.

Passive:

  • Aorist > Passive Single > 3rd Person:
    ┬╗ This is a common form you need to recognize.
    ┬╗ Formula: 
    +  тИЪ  +  i

    ┬╗ Rules: [1] Medial vowel in root takes guс╣Зa. EG: тИЪmuc 6P > amoci : He was released.  [2] Final vowel in root takes vс╣Ыddhi. EG: тИЪkс╣Ы 8U > ak─Бri : He was made.

тЧД For efficiency, formula is on left side.

  1. Form 1: R─Бma went to the deer. 
  2. Form 2: Guru released me from bondage.
  3. Form 3: S─лt─Б went to the house. 
  4. Form 4: R─Бma touched S─лt─Б gently.
  5. Form 5: We went to meet the guru. 
  6. Form 6: The armies led the soldiers into battle.
  7. Form 7: Our ignorance covered our discernment. 
  1. r─Бmaс╕е mс╣Ыgram agamat
  2. guruс╕е bandh─Бt m─Бm amucata
  3. s─лt─Б gс╣Ыham aj─лgamat
  4. r─Бmaс╕е s─лt─Бm sadayena aspс╣Ыkс╣гat
  5. vayam gurum militum ay─Бsiс╣гma (тИЪy─Б 2P: go)
  6. sen─Бс╕е yuddhe sainik─Бn anaiс╣гuс╕е  (тИЪn─л 1U: lead)
  7. askm─Бkam avidy─Б svavivekam avariс╣гс╣нa (тИЪvс╣Ы 1U: cover)
Conditional
Sanskrit Names: lс╣Ыс╣Е / с╕╖с╣Е / saс╣Еketa / saс╣Гketa
  • Indicates: would have
  • Rarely used.
  • Read more.
a + simple future + imperfect endings [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]
  1. R─Бma would have gone to forest without Lakshman.
  2. R─Бma would have been the king.
  3. Had the boy not stolen the thing, his mother would not have punished him. (LIT: Would have not the boy stolen the thing…)
  4. If men would have come, then I would have been killed.
  5. If they would have come by a good road, the cart would have not fallen.
  1. r─Бmaс╕е lakс╣гmaс╣З─Б vin─Б vanam agamiс╣гyat
  2. r─Бmaс╕е r─Бj─Бnam abhaviс╣гyat
  3. b─Бlaс╕е viс╣гayam na acorayiс╣гyat, tasya m─Бt─Б tam na atarjiс╣гyat
  4. yadi nar─Бс╕е agamiс╣гyan tad─Б hataс╕е abhaviс╣гyam
  5. sum─Бrgeс╣З ced ─Бy─Бsyan, ┼Ыakaс╣нam na apatiс╣гyat

Gerund / Absolutive / Indeclinable
Past Participle

Sanskrit Names: ktv─Б / tv─Бnta / ktv─Бnta / lyabanta / lyap

  • Indicates prior COMPLETED action. Having seen __  / After seeing __.
  • ACC comes before it.
  • Read more.

Indeclinable.
тИЪ + tv─Б
If prefix, then: тИЪ + ya / y─Б(fem)

  1. Having abandoned(After abandoning) the fire.
  2. PREFIX: Having obtained wisdom, I teach.
  1. agnimacc  hitv─Б
  2. man─лс╣г─Бm pr─Бpya(pra + тИЪ─Бp 5P + ya), upadi┼Ы─Бmi
Imperfect
Sanskrit Names: laс╣Е / anadyatana bh┼лta
  • Event happened in the past.
  • Used interchangeably with: Perfect, Present Indicative sma, Past Participle.
  • Read more.

a  +  тИЪ  P/─А [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]

  1. The boy read the book.
  1. b─Бlaс╕е pustakam apaс╣нhat
Imperfect Passive / Past Passive
  • was/were -ed.
  • Use interchangeably with Past Passive Participle.
  • Family: Present Passive, Future Passive.   

a + тИЪ + ya + imperfect ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]

  1. Book was read.
  2. Bhima & Arjuna were seen by Kunti.
  3. The stories were heard by the girls.
  4. Only INST + Imperfect Passive: The flower/flowers was/were grown. (LIT: It was grown by the flower/flowers.) 
  1. pustakam a(paс╣нh)(ya)ta
  2. bh─лmaс╕е arjunaс╕е ca kunty─Б adс╣Ыс╣гyet─Бm
  3. kath─Бс╕е kany─Бbhiс╕е a┼Ыr┼лyanta
  4. puс╣гpeс╣Зa/puс╣гpaiс╕еinst  avardhata (always in Single)
Past Participle
(Active)
Sanskrit Names: ktavatu
  • Past tense. Basically used like Imperfect, but with extra features.
  • Can be used as: [1] VERB: Declines like the Subject of sentence (just like in Present/Future participle), [2] ADJ: Describes someone/thing, [3] NOUN: Stands on it's own (EG: He who conquered.)
  • Negate with a / an.
  • Related to “tavat” suffix.
  • Used interchangeably with: Imperfect, Perfect, Present Indicative sma.
  • Read more.

PPP  +  (mas, n): vat/vant  /  (fem): vat─л  + decline like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)]

VERB:

  1. R─Бma went to the forest.
  2. S─лt─Б came from the river.
  3. Negation: S─лt─Б hasn't come from the river.
  4. Scriptures conquered ignorance.

ADJ:

  1. R─Бma is one who has abandoned everything.
  2. I saw (the man who ate the fruits).
  3. The king spoke (to the man who remembered his mother).

VERB:

  1. r─Бmaс╕еmas  vanam  gatav─Бnmas
  2. s─лt─Бfem  nady─Бс╕е  ─Бgatavat─лfem
  3. s─лt─Бfem nady─Бс╕е an─Бgatavat─лfem
  4. ┼Ы─Бstr─Бnin  avidy─Бm  jitavantin

ADJ:

  1. r─Бmaс╕е sarvam tyaktav─Бn asti
  2. (phal─Бni kh─Бditavantam naram) aham apa┼Ыyam
  3. (tasya m─Бtaram smс╣Ыtavantam naram) nс╣Ыpaс╕е avadat
Past Passive Participle (PPP) 
Sanskrit Names: bh┼лte kс╣Ыdanta
  • (was/were |  has/have been)optional  -ed, -en.
  • EG: was protected, were protected,  have been desired,  has spoken.
  • ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
  • The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases (mostly INST).
  • Negate with a / an.
  • Read more.

тИЪ + -ta -ita -─лta -na + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)]

  1. VERB:  Book (was/is) read                by the boy.
  2. VERB:  Daughter (was/is)  desired  by the poet.
  3. ADJ:  Established intellect.
  4. COMPOUND:  Desired fruit.
  5. COMPOUND: Kauravas saw dead bodies.
  6. VERB: Enemy (was) hated  by the people.
  7. Trees (were) seen                by Arjuna.
  8. Sound (has been) heard     by the lady.
  1. pustakam b─Бlena paс╣нhitam
  2. putrik─Б kavin─Б iс╣гс╣н─Б
  3. sthit─Б praj├▒─Б
  4. iс╣гс╣нaphalam
  5. kaurav─Бс╕е mс╣Ыtadeh─Бn apa┼Ыyan
  6. ┼Ыatruс╕е manuс╣гyaiс╕е dviс╣гс╣нaс╕е
  7. vс╣Ыkс╣г─Бс╕е arjunena     dс╣Ыс╣гс╣нaс╕е
  8. ┼Ыabdaс╕е n─Бry─Б          ┼Ыrutaс╕е
Perfect
Sanskrit Names: liс╣н / parokс╣гa bh┼лta
  • Same as Imperfect, but not witnessed by the speaker.
  • In practice, used interchangeably with Imperfect.
  • Has additional reduplication & P/─А rules.
  • Read more.

redupтИЪ  +  [ (P: Single = apply guс╣Зa to root | Dual/Pl = leave root alone)   (─А: S/D/P = leave root alone) ]  +  (potential ‘ i ‘)  +  [Garden PG4 (61, 62)]

  1. Sage spoke to R─Бma.
  2. I was there.
  3. She pushed the boy.
  1. muniс╕е r─Бmam uv─Бca/┼лce
  2. aham tatra ─Бsa
  3. s─Б b─Бlam tutoda
Name: FUTURE TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Future Passive
Participle (FPP) / Gerundive
  • Like PPP, can act as verb, adj, noun. In all cases, it declines same as the word it qualifies.
  • See it as COMMAND/FIRM SUGGESTION. Meaning, can also be used like an Imperative.
  • Indicates what will  / must / ought to be done in future.
  • “It is to be __ed”.  EG: It is to be obtained, desired!
  • If FPP is not referring to any NOM, then decline FPP in NEUTER (NOM, SING). See EG on right >>>
  • Read more.
guс╣Зa (rarely vс╣Ыddhi)тИЪ  -an─лya -tavya -ya  [Garden PG1 (1, 2)]
  1. Book is to be(will/must/ought to/should be) read  by the boy.
    (OR if using like Imperative)
    Let the book be read  by the boy!
  2. R─Бma is to be united with S─лta.
  3. Elephants (which) should not be heard, are heard by the boys.
  4. NO NOM: It is to be protected by me.
  1. pustakamnom  b─Бlena saha  p─Бс╣нhan─лyam / paс╣нhitavyam / p─Бс╣нhyam
  2. r─Бmaс╕е s─лtay─Б yojan─лyaс╕е / yoktavyaс╕е / yogyaс╕е
  3. hastinaс╕еnom,pl na ┼Ыrotavy─Бс╕е b─Бlaiс╕е ┼Ыr┼лyantepassive
  4. may─Б goptavyamNeuter, Sing, Nom
Future Participle
(Active & Middle)
Sanskrit Names: bhaviс╣гyatk─Бle kс╣Ыdanta
  • will be VERBing.
  • 2 ways to use:
    • FORM 1: Simple NOM ACC VERB.
    • FORM 2: (Left side) (Right side) sentence.
  • Read more.

Simple Future STEM + [Garden PG7]for all 10 verb classes

(Ignore the orange endings, as only applies to Present Participles)

FORM 1:

  1. R─Бma will be going to S─лt─Б.
  2. Devotee will be serving the guru.
  3. S─лt─Б will be staying in Ayodha.
  4. They will be writing a Sanskrit story for the teacher.
  5. I will be coming to meet you tomorrow.
  6. S─лt─Б will be fetching water from the river.
  7. R─Бma will be seeing S─лta to speak about food.

FORM 2:

  1. (I speak) (to the man that will-be-going). 
    Literal: (I am speaking) (to the will-be-going-man).
  2. (We are seeing) (clouds that will be vanishing in the sky). 
    Literal: (We see) (the will-be-vanishing-clouds in the sky).
  3. (I give money) (for the woman that will be coming from the village).   
    Literal: (I give money) (for the will-be-coming-from-village woman).

FORM 1:

  1. r─Бmaс╕е s─лt─Бm gamiс╣гyan
  2. bhaktaс╕е gurum seviс╣гyam─Бnaс╕е
  3. s─лt─Б ayodhe sth─Бsyant─л
  4. te ady─Бpak─Бya saс╣Гskс╣Ыtakath─Бm likhiс╣гyantaс╕е
  5. aham tv─Бm militum ─Бgamiс╣гyam─Бс╣Зaс╕е ┼Ыvaс╕е
  6. s─лt─Б nady─Бс╕е jalam pr─Бpsyant─л   (pra + тИЪ─Бp 5P)
  7. r─Бmaс╕е bhojanam vaditum s─лt─Бm drakс╣гyan

FORM 2:

  1. (gamiс╣гyam─Бс╣Зam naram) (aham vadati)
  2. (─Бk─Б┼Ыe mlaiс╣гyataс╕еacc,pl ghan─Бnacc,pl)  (vayam pa┼Ыy─Бmaс╕е)
  3. (gr─Бm─Бt ─Бgamiс╣гyantyaidat n─Бryaidat)  (aham dhanam yacch─Бmi)
Future Passive
  • Same concept as Present Passive, except: will be ___en.
  • Family: Present Passive, Imperfect Passive
guс╣ЗaтИЪ  +  -sya -iс╣гya + [Garden PG4 (44)for all 10 verb classes]
  1. Bird will be eaten by the snake.
  2. Houses will be made by men.
  3. R─Бma and S─лta will be seen in the forest.
  4. Only INST + Future Passive: The horse/horses will eat. (LIT: It will be eaten by the horse/horses.) 
  1. khagaс╕е sarpeс╣Зa kh─Бd(iс╣гya)te
  2. gс╣Ыh─Бni naraiс╕е kariс╣гyante
  3. r─Бmaс╕е s─лt─Б ca vane drakс╣гyete
  4. a┼Ыvena/a┼Ыvaiс╕еinst  kh─Бdiс╣гyata (always in Single)
Periphrastic Future / Distant Future
Sanskrit Names: luс╣н / anadyatana bhaviс╣гyat
  • Stating event in future (mostly tomorrow and after).
  • Rare.
  • Read more.
guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -t─Б -it─Б + [Garden PG4 (63)for all 10 verb classes]
  1. I will learn morality.
  2. He will do meditation in the room.
  1. aham dharmam paс╣нhit─Бsmi
  2. sa prakoс╣гс╣нhe dhy─Бnam kart─Б
Simple Future
Sanskrit Names: lс╣Ыс╣н / с╕╖с╣н /  s─Бm─Бny─Б bhaviс╣гyan / bhaviс╣гyat
  • Stating event in future. More common then Periphrastic Future.
  • Used interchangeably with Periphrastic future.
  • Read more.

guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -sya -iс╣гya + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43, 44)for all 10 verb classes]

  1. I will read the book. / I am going to read the book.
  1. pustakamacc paс╣нhiс╣гy─Бmi

 

Type: VERB FORMATIONS:
Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Primary Verbs:
Normal
Sanskrit Names: apratyay─Бnta
  • Everything as per above table.
     
Secondary Verbs:
Causative
Sanskrit Names: с╣Зijanta / с╣Зij / preraс╣З─Бrthaka
  • He causes ACC to ___.
  • If more then two ACC in sentence, the caused ACC takes INST. EG: Rama causes Sita (inst) to go to forest (acc).
  • 2 Signs to Identify: [1] 2nd/3rd letter might be long. [2] aya / ay before declension. EG: k─Бrayat, gamayet.
  • Construction is 100% identical to Class 10 Verbs.
  • Purpose: allows verbs to be translated figuratively (implied meaning).
  • Read more.

strenghtenedтИЪ  +  i (appears as either: aya / ay)  +  P/─А

aya seen in: Present / Imperfect / Imperative / Present Participle

ay seen in: Optative / Simple Future / Periphrastic Future / Future Participle / Future Passive Participle / Infinitive / Gerund

* Some roots take ‘p‘ before aya/ay. EG: тИЪj├▒─Б > j├▒─Бpayati

  1. Mother causes boy to go
  2. R─Бma causes S─лt─Б to go to the forest.  FIGURATIVE: R─Бma leads/nudges/guides/persuades S─лt─Б to go the forest.
  3. Imperfect: Skills caused men to be protected from death.
  4. Imperative: Krishna must cause Karna to unite with Pandavas!
  5. Present Participle: R─Бvaс╣Зa is causing S─лt─Б to become distressed.
  6. Optative: Husband should not cause wife to abandon him.
  7. Simple Future: Manthara will cause Kaikey─л to lie.
  8. Gerund: Having caused S─лt─Б to go to the forest, R─Бma hugs her.
  9. Infinitive: Dasharatha does not desire (to cause to discard R─Бma) from Ayodha.
  10. Future Passive Participle: This man is not to be caused to go outside
  11. Present Passive: Sage caused truth to be desired in students.
  12. PPP: Army was caused to be gone by enemies.  FIGURATIVE: Army was eliminated by enemies.
  1. m─Бt─Б  b─Бlam gamayati
  2. r─Бmaс╕е s─лty─Бinst vanam gamayati
  3. kau┼Ыal─Бс╕е nar─Бn maraс╣З─Бt agopayan
  4. kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зaс╕е karс╣Зam p─Бс╣Зс╕Нavaiс╕е yojayatu
  5. r─Бvaс╣Зaс╕е s─лtay─Б duс╕еkhit─Бm bh─Бvayan
  6. patiс╕е patny─Б tam na ty─Бjayet
  7. mantharaс╕е kaikey─лm harс╣гayiс╣гyati
  8. s─лtay─Б vanam gamayitv─Б, r─Бmaс╕е t─Бm svajate
  9. da┼Ыarathaс╕е ayodh─Бt (r─Бmam ty─Бjayitum) na icchati
  10. ayam naraс╕е bahim na gamayitavya
  11. muniс╕е satyam ┼Ыiс╣гyeс╣гu eс╣гyate
  12. sen─Б ┼Ыatrubhiс╕е gamita
Desiderative
Sanskrit Names: sannanta / san
  • Subject desires/wishes/wants to do the VERB.
  • Can create ADJ. Replace STEM'S last a with u  +  decline like [Garden PG2 (24-26)]. 
  • Can create FEM NOUN. Replace STEM'S last a with ─Б  +  decline like Garden #2
  • Read more.
Reduplication [Replace: a ─Б с╣Ы с╣Э i ─л > i]  +  тИЪ  +  sa/iс╣гa  +  P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)for all 10 verb classes]
  1. S─лt─Б (desires to go) to the forest.
  2. R─Бma (wants to sing) to Sita.
  3. ADJ: Eager to fight R─Бma (wants to conquer) the army.
  4. NOUN: I (desire to do) analysis on self.
  1. s─лt─Б vanam jigamiс╣гati
  2. r─Бmaс╕е s─лt─Бm jig─Бsati
  3. yuyutsuс╕е r─Бmaс╕е sen─Бm jig─лс╣гati
  4. aham ─Бtmani m─лm─Бс╣Гs─Бm cik─лrс╣г─Бmi
Intensive / Frequentative
Sanskrit Names: yaс╣Еanta / kriy─Бtipattau lс╣Ыс╣Е
  • Verb & Adverb COMBINED in a single verb. EG: R─Бma shines strongly :  r─Бma j─Бjvalati
  • English equivalent: “What the hell is going on here? / I am bloody well going to do itтАЭ. In English, Intensive is an adverb (hell, bloody, etc). In Sanskrit, Intensive is the actual verb.
  • Intensive has 3 ways of showing intensity: “He/she goes [1] strongly (INTENSITY[2] repeatedly (FREQUENCY[3] crookedly (WITH DIFFICULTY)”. 
    • Context tells which one it is.
  • Rare (mostly found in Vedic Sanskrit).
  • Read more.

Construction has 2 forms:

Form 1: Always take Parasmaipada. Has 2 styles.

  • Form 1, Style 1: Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  apply guс╣Зa to тИЪroot  +  P
  • Form 1, Style 2: Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  тИЪroot  +   ─л  +   P

Form 2: Always takes ─Аtmanepada.

  • Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  тИЪroot  +   ya   +   ─А
  1. DIFFICULTY: R─Бma cuts the cake badly
  2. DIFFICULTY: Man walks crookedly to doctor.
  3. FREQUENCY: S─лt─Б dances repeatedly for R─Бma.
  4. INTENSITY: R─Бm─Б strongly leads the army.
  1. r─Бmaс╕е modakam lolupyate
  2. naraс╕е vaidyam jaс╣Еgamyate
  3. s─лt─Б r─Бm─Бya nar─лnс╣Ыtyate
  4. r─Бmaс╕е sen─Бm nen─лyate
Denominative
Sanskrit Names: n─Бmadh─Бtu / n─Бmadhatavaс╕е
  • A noun converted into a verb.  English eg: He hands the cup to me. The sky blackens. Ravana's wisdom didn't blossom.
  • Verb can indicate: He/she/it [1] becomes the noun, [2] acts or behaves like/be similar to the noun, [3] desires the noun, [4] performs/does/produces the noun, [5] regards/treats as the noun, [6] makes into the noun.
  • Final vowel of noun may be adjusted (usual to ─л) or  lengthened. EG: putra (son) > putr─лyati  (He desires a son).  |  gopa (cow protector) > gop─Бyati  (He protects)
  • NOTE: In Classical Sanskrit, ANY noun can join any form of тИЪkс╣Ы 8U or тИЪbh┼л 1P. The noun may have small changes, especially in last letter.
    1. NOUN + тИЪbh┼л 1P = He becomes like a NOUN / He becomes NOUN. EG: stambha + bhavati = stambh─лbhavati: He becomes like a post.
    2. NOUN + тИЪkс╣Ы 8U = He makes NOUN. EG: surabhi + karoti = surabh─лkaroti: He makes fragrant.
  • Read more.

NOUN STEM  +  ya  +  P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)]

  • BECOMES:
    1. The sky blackens(LIT: The sky becomes black.) 
  • ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
    1. R─Бma acts like a king to his father.
    2. Kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa acts like the Lord.
    3. R─Бma protects the good.  (LIT: R─Бma behaves like a cow protector.)
  • DESIRES/WISHES:
    1. R─Бma wishes a son.
    2. Woman wishes a poet / king.
    3. Employee desires a salary.
  • PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
    1. Devotee performs homeage to R─Бma.
    2. I perform austerity.
    3. They are taking long time/delaying to arrive.  (LIT: They are performing/doing long time for arrival.)
  • REGARDS/TREATS:
    1. Guru regards/treats student as a son.
  • MAKES INTO:
    1. He makes the work easier.
  • BECOMES:
    1. ─Бk─Б┼Ыaс╕е kс╣Ыс╣гс╣З─Бyate (kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa: black)
  • ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
    1. r─Бmaс╕е tasya pitaram r─Бj─Бyate  (r─Бjan: king)
    2. kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зaс╕е kс╣Ыс╣гс╣З─Бyate  (kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa: Lord)
    3. r─Бmaс╕е s─Бdhum gop─Бyati  (gopa: cow protector)
  • DESIRES/WISHES:
    1. r─Бmaс╕е putr─лyati
    2. n─Бr─л kav─лyati / r─Бj─лyati
    3. karmakaraс╕е vetan─лyati
  • PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
    1. bhaktaс╕е r─Бm─Бya namasyati  (namas: homeage)
    2. aham tapasy─Бmi  (tapas: austerity)
    3. te ─Бgaman─Бya cirayati  (cira: long time)
  • REGARDS/TREATS:
    1. guruс╕е ┼Ыiс╣гyam putr─лyati  (Without denominative: guruс╕е ┼Ыiс╣гyam putram iva ─Бcarati)
  • MAKES INTO:
    1. sa k─Бryam laghayati (laghu: easy)
  COMPOUNDS: (sam─Бsa)
English: Sanskrit:
General
Info
  • All members are in stem form. Except last member is declined.
    EG: ┼Ыuklanaram/ena/─Бya
  • For all 4 types, only last member declines.
    EG:  Member1STEM  Member2STEMdeclension

6 RULES:

  • RULE 1:  (only applies to KD > ADJ + NOUN)
    • If 1st member FEM stem ends in: ─Б─л тАФ then make it end in: a
  • RULE 2:
    • If Member1STEM ends in -an (EG: r─Бjan), it loses last n.
    • If Member2STEM ends in -an, then ALWAYS takes [Garden 1] endings. 
      EG:  ─Бtmanr─Бj─Б  >  ─Бtmar─Бjaс╕е
  • RULE 3:  (only applies to CASE-TP > PRONOUN + NOUN)
    • Treat pronoun's last d  as  t.
  • RULE 4:
    • If Member1STEM ends in ‘с╣Ы‘, then end it in: ─Б.
      EG: m─Бtс╣Ы + pitс╣Ы = m─Бtс╣Ыpitarau  m─Бt─Бpitarau  Mother and father.
  • RULE 5:
    • If __s s__, then change first s to с╕е
    • EG: tamassthita  =  tamaс╕еsthita   Established in darkness.
  • RULE 6:  (only applies to Upapada)   Verb root mayтАж
    1. Lose last letter.
    2. Change long to short vowel (─Б > a).
      • EG: yoga + тИЪsth─Б = yogastha
    3. Add тАШtтАШ  (Declines like [Garden 23]).   EG:
      • indra тИЪji  indrajit 
        (conqueror of Indra)
      • brahma тИЪvid  brahmavit 
        (knower of brahman)
      • tarati ┼Ыokam ─Бtmavit   (The knower of the Self overcomes sorrow.) тАУ C.U. 7.1.3

 

 

1. dvandva

All members important. 

2 types.

  • General:
    • 2 members: Last member declines in dual. 
    • 3+ members: Last member declines in plural.
  • 2 Categories.
  • CATEGORY 1: itaretara:
    • X and Y“.
    • How to know if it's saying “Men, sons and sages / Man, son and sage”? Context tells.
  • CATEGORY 2: sam─Бh─Бra:
    • Used mostly for opposites (EG: hot/cold).
    • Can also use like itaretara. 1
    • Always NEUTER, SINGLE. 2
      • Choose closest paradigm for Member2.   EG: If nad─л, then choose closest NEUTER paradigm that ends in ─л. Since there isn't one, resort to short ‘i‘  (Garden 11).

CATEGORY 1:

  1. S─лt─Б and R─Бma go.
  2. Man, son and sage.
  3. Self and king

CATEGORY 2:

  1. Happiness and suffering.
  2. Of action and of inaction.
  3. With the horse, elephant and army. 1

 

  1. s─лt─Б r─Бmaс╕е ca gacchataс╕е s─лt─Бr─Бmau gacchataс╕е
  2. naraс╕е putraс╕е muniс╕е ca > naraputramunayaс╕е
  3. ─Бtm─Б r─Бj─Б ca  >  ─Бtmanr─Бjau  RULE 2

 

  1. sukham duс╕еkham ca > sukhaduс╕еkham
  2. karmaс╣Зaс╕е akarmaс╣Зaс╕е ca  > karm─Бkarmasya
  3. a┼Ыvena gajena senay─Б ca > a┼Ыvagajasenena 2

2. tatpuruс╣гa (TP)

Last member more important. Meaning, if first member was missing, sentence would still makes sense.

8 types.

1) Vyadhikaraс╣Зa-tatpuruс╣гa (Case-tp):    (Son of R─Бma: r─Бmaputraс╕е)

  • 2 Categories.
  • CATEGORY 1:  (a) Case-tp: Whatever the case of the FIRST member, is the name of the compound. (b) Case-tp-ppp (past passive participle).
    • Examples for Context:
      • INST-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: ┼Ыarahata: Killed by an arrow | devadatta: Given by God | jalap┼лrna: Filled by water.
        2. ENGLISH: Trainride (ride by a train) | Swordfight (fight by a sword) | Manmade (made by man).
      • DAT-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: phalagata: Come for fruit | kapijalam: Water for monkeys.
        2. ENGLISH: Firewood (wood for fire) | Teaspoon (spoon for tea) | Handtowel (towel for hand).
      • ABL-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: siс╣Гhabhayam: Fear from lions | vanapuс╣гpam: Flower from the forest | svargapatita: Fallen from heaven.
        2. ENGLISH: Orangejuice (juice from orange) | Sunlight (light from sun) | Airtight (tight from air).
      • GEN-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: r─Бmad┼лtaс╕е: Messanger of R─Бma | r─Бjaputraс╕е: Son of the king (prince).
        2. ENGLISH: Doorbell (bell of door) | Seashore (shore of the sea) | Birthday (day of birth) | Necklace (lace of the neck)
      • LOC-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: jalacaraс╕е: Mover in the water (fish) | yuddhasamartha: Capable in battle.
        2. ENGLISH: Earring (ring of ear) | Homework (work of home) | Wristwatch (watch of the wrist).
  • CATEGORY 2: Pronoun + Noun: Apply Rule 3.

CATEGORY 1:

  1. acc-tp: Townacc goneppp   (Gone to town).
  2. acc-tp: S─лt─Б speaks to the soldier in the army.
  3. inst-tp: Seenppp by the teacher.
  4. dat-tp: Room for meditation.
  5. abl-tp: Fallenppp from heaven.
  6. gen-tp: Messenger of R─Бma.
  7. loc-tp:  I see a boy at the bank of the river.

 CATEGORY 2: PRONOUN + NOUN: RULE 3

  1. My boy.
  2. Your girl.
  3. My mom.
  4. His man.

 

  1. nagaragata (adj)
  2. s─лt─Б sen─Бsainikam lapati
  3. gurudс╣Ыс╣гс╣нa (adj)
  4. dhy─Бna┼Ы─Бl─Б
  5. svargapatita (adj)
  6. r─Бmad┼лtaс╕е
  7. nad─лtaс╣нe b─Бlam pa┼Ыy─Бmi

 

  1. mama b─Бlaс╕е    >  madb─Бlaс╕е
  2. tava kany─Б     >  tvatkany─Б
  3. mad + m─Бt─Б    >  manm─Бt─Б     (t + m = n)
  4. tadpuruс╣гaс╕е  tatpuruс╣гaс╕е  (t + p = t)

2) Karmadh─Бraya (kd):   (White garland: ┼Ыuklam─Бl─Б)

  • 2 Categories.
  • CATEGORY 1: ADJ + Noun: First member DESCRIBES last member.
    • ENGLISH EG: Madman, Blackbird, Girlfriend.
  • CATEGORY 2: Noun + Noun/PPP: EG: Silkworm, Football, Seahorse.

CATEGORY 1: ADJ + NOUN:

  1. White garland.
  2. Virtuous army.
  3. Beautiful little cow.
  4. By the poor person.

CATEGORY 2:  NOUN + NOUN/PPP:

  1. Earth hole.
  2. I rest (by the riverbank).
  3. Welldone.

 

  1. ┼Ыukl─Б (mf[─Б]n) m─Бl─Б   >   ┼Ыuklam─Бl─Б   RULE 1
  2. dharmik─л (mf[─л]n) sen─Б dharmikasen─Б  RULE 1
  3. sundar─л alp─Б dhenuс╕е sundar─Бlpadhenuс╕е
  4. daridrajanena

 

  1. bh┼лmiс╕е bilam >  bh┼лmibilam
  2. nad─лtaс╣нena ┼Ыraye
  3. sukс╣Ыta (PPP)

3) Upapada (tpu):   (Standing in purity: sattvasthaс╕е)

    • ADJ.
    • Subject to Rule 6.
    • FORMULA: Member1 + тИЪroot + (Garden #1-2).
    • EG: sattva + тИЪsth─Б = sattvastha | ┼Ы─Бstra + тИЪj├▒a = ┼Ы─Бstraj├▒a
  1. Man established in purity.
  2. Woman standing in purity.
  3. Kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa and R─Бma are knowers of the scriptures.
  4. Men are born of attachment to objects.
  5. Knower of Brahman.
  1. sattvasthaс╕е naraс╕е
  2. sattvasth─Б n─Бr─л
  3. kс╣Ыс╣гnar─Бmau ┼Ы─Бstraj├▒au staс╕е
  4. jan─Бс╕е viс╣гayasaс╣Еgaj─Бс╕е santi (viс╣гay─Бс╕е + saс╣Еgasya + тИЪjan)
  5. brahmavit  (brahma + тИЪvidRULE 6

4) Na├▒ / Sam─Бsana:   (dharma / adharma)

    • Turns noun into antonym/negative/opposite. Can't apply to verbs.
    • Add ‘a‘ prefix to: Adj, Nouns, Gerunds. Use ‘an‘ when joining to vowels (EG: uncomfortable, unending).
  1. NOUN: Knowledge / ignorance.
  2. NOUN: Self / not-self.
  3. GERUND: Having come / having not come.
  4. COMPOUND: Action / non-action.
  1. vidy─Б / avidy─Б
  2. ─Бtm─Б / an─Бtm─Б
  3. gatv─Б / agatv─Б
  4. karma akarma > karm─Бkarma

5) Pr─Бdi:

    • Prefix (P─Бс╣Зini's 20 major prefixes: ati, adhi, anu, apa, api, abhi, ava, ─Б, ud, upa, dus, ni, nis, par─Б, pari, pra, prati, vi, sam, su)  +  noun.
    • Used as Adj/Noun.
  1. After sound.
  1. anu + sv─Бra = anusv─Бra

6) Gati:

    • Prefix (any indeclinable word; not limited to 20 prefixes like in Pr─Бdi)  +  noun.
    • Used as Adj/Noun.
  1. Inner ruler (soul)
  1. antar + y─Бmin = antary─Бmin

7) Upam─Бna:   (Dear like a friend: mitrapriya)

    • Produces a comparison / simile. Member2 like Member1.
    • Noun + Adj.
    • ENGLISH EG: Lifelong (long like life) | Icecold (cold like ice) | Skindeep (deep like skin).
  1. Skyblue (Blue like the sky).
  2. Frienddear (Dear like a friend).
  3. Moonface (Moonlike face) (Face like the moon).
  1. gaganan─лla (adj)
  2. mitrapriya (adj)
  3. candramukhaс╕е   (adj)

8) Dvigu:   (Bicycle: dvicakrik─Б)

    • Number + Noun. Always end in Neuter, Singular.
    • ENGLISH EG: Bicycle, Triangle.
  1. Three worlds.
  2. Three guс╣З─Бs.
  3. The four ages.
  1. trilokam
  2. traiguс╣Зya
  3. caturyugam

3. bahuvr─лhi (BV)

All members important.

  • FORMULA: One whose Member2 is Member1.
  • Implied meaning.  EG:
    • Harry was a Redcoat>   Harry is one whose coat is red.   >   Harry is a British solider. (implied)
    • Bahu: much. Vr─лhi: rice > One who has much rice > Farmer (or) Wealthy Merchant.
  • Ends in a NOUN, but used as ADJ.
  • BV is describing something OUTSIDE the compound. Or it speaks of something that RELATES to the BV. Meaning, last member will take declension of the noun it's describing. Meaning last member may NOT follow it's own paradigm declension.
  • In case where last member is using foreign declensions, pick the paradigm that's closest to it's family. EG: Garden 1, 2  |  3, 4, 5  |  9, 10, 11  |  etcтАж
  • TIP: If last member is using foreign declensions, it's a BV!
  1. A redhead. (One whose face/head is red.)
  2. (He whose mind is pure) obtains both prosperity and happiness.
  3. Skill in this world is obtained (by one having an established intellect).
  4. Whose intellect is steady, he is steadyintellect.
  5. Man (whose girl is beautiful). / Man (with a beautiful girl).
  6. Woman (is one whose neck is long). /  
    Woman (has a long neck).
  7. One whose form is beautiful.  /  Woman who has a beautiful form.
  8. “I am a recluse/sannyasi (one whose home is abandoned) “, said the sage.
  1. kany─Б r─Бgamukh─Б asti
    NOTICE: mukha is neuter. But it takes on kany─Б (fem) paradigm.
  2. sattvaman─Бс╕е (N, Garden 6 > MAS, Garden 6) ubhe kau┼Ыalam sukham ca labhate
  3. kau┼Ыalam iha sthitabuddhin─Б (FEM, Garden 10 > MAS, Garden 9) labhyate
  4. yasya praj├▒─Б sthit─Б  sa sthitapraj├▒aс╕е
  5. naraс╕е sundarakanyaс╕е
  6. d─лrghagr─лv─Б n─Бr─л
  7. sundarar┼лp─Б
  8. aham tyaktagс╣Ыhaс╕е iti muniс╕е avadat

4. avyay─лbh─Бva

  • 2 Constructions:
    • Indeclinable/prefix noun 
    • Adverb noun
  • Used as: (a) adverb (declines like ADJ)  (b) indeclinable  (c) neuter.
  1. Every/each night.
  2. Behind the chariots.
  3. Concerning the self.
  4. Adverb + noun: According to the teacher.
  5. Lifelong (as far as life).
  1. pratini┼Ыam (ind/neuter) pratir─Бtri (neuter, nom)
  2. anuratham (ind)
  3. adhi + ─Бtma > adhy─Бtma (adv)
  4. yath─Бguru (adv)
  5. y─Бvajj─лvam (ind)
PREFIXES: (upasargaс╕е)
ABOUT
  • Slightly modifies the nominal/verb, or gives it direction.  EG:
    • NOUNS: underground, overseas, overweight, underwear, triangle, submarine.
    • VERBS: vadati: He speaks  >  prativadati: He replies (IE: He speaks back)
  • RULES:
    • Noun's vowel may take guс╣Зa. EG: su + buddha = suboddha.
    • Sandhi Changes: Final s of nis and dus may sandhi change to: r, с╕е, с╣г
      EG:  niс╕еspс╣Ыha, niс╣гk─Бma
  • Applying to VERBS:
    • Most have indistinguishable change, but few change verb totally.
    • Prefix determines if verb takes Parasmaipada or ─Аtmanepada ending. Dictionary will tell.
  • Applying to GERUNDS:
    • If gerund starts with prefix, then end it with ya, and not tv─Б.
    • EG: ─Б + тИЪgam = ─Бgatya (Having come)   VS. тИЪgam = gatv─Б (Having gone)
  • Applying to IMPERFECT: Order:  Prefix + a + verb
LIST
  • ─Б: [motion towards], back, return, to, fully.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate opposite meaning OR from and till.
    • EG: ─Бgacchati: He approaches (goes towards). ─Бjanma (ind): from  |  ─Бmaraс╣Зam (ind): till death.
  • adhi: above, over, on.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШaboveтАЩ.
    • EG: adhy─Бtma (n): Self that is above all / pertaining to the Self.  | adhigacchati: He attains (goes above [obstacles]).  |  vaktс╣Ы (adj): speaker  >  adhivaktс╣Ы (adj): advocate.
  • anu: after, following, along with.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show following something or someone.
    • EG: anugacchati: He follows (goes after).
  • apa: away, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used in a negative shade OR to tell that something is far away.
    • EG: apagacchati: He goes away.  apaharati: He carries off (takes away).  ap─Бna: downward breath.  |  apakurute: He injures [negative shade]
  • api: on, close upon. *RARE
    • EG: apihita: covered (placed into).
  • abhi: to [motion towards], against, over, upon *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ. Similar to prefix ‘prati‘.
    • EG: abhilikhati: He draws (writes upon). |  abhyaс╣Еga: rubbing against.  |  abhigacchati: He goes towards.
  • ati: across, beyond, surpassing, past.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show the excess of something.
    • EG: at─лndriy─Бni: Beyond senses. |  atyanta: beyond end (infinite).  |  ativ─Бda (mas): argument [excess speech].
  • ava: down, down into, through, away, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate down.
    • EG: avagacchati: He goes down avat─Бra: crossing/descends down.
  • dus: ill, bad, difficult, hard.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate a negative meaning and hardness or difficulty.
    • EG: duс╣гkс╣Ыta: badly done. |  duс╕еkha: suffering.  |  durlabha (adj): hard to obtain.
  • ni: down, into.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШdownтАЩ.
    • EG: nikс╣гipati: He throws down. |  nivasati: He inhabits (lives in)  |  niyojya: servant.
  • nis: out from, forth, without, entirely. *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense of out.
    • EG: nirgacchati: He exists (goes out). nistraiguс╣Зya: without 3 guс╣Зas.
  • par─Б: away, forth, along, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show the OPPOSITE of something.
    • EG: jayate: He wins par─Бjayate: He loses.
  • pari: around, about. *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШaroundтАЩ.
    • EG: parinayati: He marries (leads around [wife was led around fire 7x]).  |  parih─Бsaс╕е: joke (laugh about).  |  parivartana (n): change, reformation [to exist in state of moving around].
  • pra: forward, onward, towards, forth. *VERY COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used to emphasize on the meaning of a particular root. EG: pra + тИЪnam:  aham gurum praс╣Зam─Бmi: I bow to guru.
    • EG: prahasati: He ridicules (laughs at) prakс╣Ыti: nature  |  pr─Бс╣Зa: vital breath.
  • prati: towards / back to (in reverse direction, against, in opposition to) / every__, each [EG: pratir─Бtri: each night]  /  in presence of (before).
    • ABOUT: Similar to “re“, like, “return, reverse”. Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ. Similar to prefix ‘abhi‘. Also used in a reciprocating sense.
    • EG: pratigacchati: He returns (goes back to). | pratid─Бna (n): reimbursement, refund.  |  praty─Бh─Бra: food from reverse direction.  sa mс╣Ыgam (vanam prati) anvagaccat: He followed the dear (back to the forest).  |  draupad─л duryodhanam prati ─Бn─лt─Б: Draupadi was brought (in presence of / before) Duryodhana.
  • sam: together, completely.
    • ABOUT: Similar to Greek “symphony”. Often used to show being together or togetherness.
    • EG: saс╣Гdadh─Бti: He joins (places together) | saс╣Гskс╣Ыta: put together.  |  saс╣Гtuс╣гс╣нa: completely pleased.
  • su: well, good, right, easy, very.
    • ABOUT: Same as feel-good “euphoria”. Often used to express a positive tone in the word.
    • EG: sukс╣Ыta: well-done |  sukham: happiness (good space).
  • ut/ud: up, upwards, up out.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШupтАЩ or тАШaboveтАЩ.
    • EG: uttiс╣гс╣нhati: He stands up. |  ud─Бna: upward breath.
  • upa: towards, near, up to, [subordinate].
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ.
    • EG: upagacchati: He approaches (goes towards / up to). | upanetram: spectacles (up to the eye). |  upakaroti: He helps [does towards everyone].
  • vi: outward, separation, apart, away, out, into pieces, departing. *VERY COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used to show opposition to a meaning OR to enhance the meaning.
    • EG: vitiс╣гс╣нhati: He stands apart  |  vikalpa: indecision  |  vismarati: He forgets (separates from memory).  |  vide┼Ыa (mas): foreign land. [shows opposition]    |  nс╣Ыpaс╕е yuddhe vijayate:  King is winning in the war.  ‘vi‘ has enhanced meaning of ‘jayate'.
SUFFIXES: (pratyayaс╕е)

2 kinds of suffixesтАж

1. PRIMARY SUFFIXES (kс╣Ыt pratyaya)
  • ABOUT:
    • Total 6.
    • Formula: original/guс╣Зa/vс╣ЫddhiтИЪroot  +  primary suffix.  
      • EG:
        • Root doesn't change:             тИЪcint 10U: think      >  cint─Б (f): thought.
        • Root strengthens to guс╣Зa:    тИЪvid 2P: to know     >  veda (m): knowledge.
        • Root strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi:  тИЪtyaj 1P: abandon  > ty─Бga (m): renunciation.
  • LIST:
    • a:
      • Most important.
      • Forms mostly MAS nouns.
      • RULE: If root ends in c / j, becomes: k / g.
      • EG:
        • тИЪbh┼л 1P: be            > bh─Бva (m): condition, state
        • тИЪgrah 9P: hold        > graha (m): planet
        • тИЪj─лv 1P: live              > j─лva (m): living being
        • тИЪji 1P: conquer       > jaya (m): victory
        • тИЪtс╣Э 1P: cross            > t─Бra (m): crossing | avat─Бra (m): one who crosses down
        • тИЪsс╣Ыj 6P: create         > sarga (m): creation
        • тИЪtyaj 1P: abandon  > ty─Бga (m): renunciation
        • тИЪyuj 7U: unite          > yoga (m): union
    • ─Б / ti:
      • Forms FEM nouns.
      • EG:
        • тИЪbh─Бс╣г 1─А: speak   > bh─Бс╣г─Б (f): speech
        • тИЪcint 10U: think    > cint─Б (f): thought
        • тИЪhan 2P: kill           > hiс╣Гs─Б (f): injury
        • тИЪsev 1─А: serve       > sev─Б (f): service
        • тИЪbudh 1U: know    > buddhi (f): intellect
        • тИЪdс╣Ы┼Ы 1P: see            > dс╣Ыс╣гс╣нi (f): sight
        • тИЪgam 1P: go           > gati (f): path
        • тИЪjan 4─А: be born    > j─Бti (f): birth
        • тИЪman 4─А: think      > mati (f): thought
        • тИЪmuc 6U: release  > mukti (f): liberation
        • тИЪsс╣Ыj 6P: create        > sс╣Ыс╣гс╣нi (f): creation
    • ana / as / man:
      • Forms NEUTER nouns.
      • EG:
        • тИЪ─Бs 2─А: sit              > ─Бsana (n): seat
        • тИЪd─Б 3U: give          > d─Бna (n): giving
        • тИЪgam 1P: go          > gamana (n): going
        • тИЪkс╣Ы 8U: do              > karaс╣Зa (n) means of action
        • тИЪ┼Ыru 5P: hear         > ┼Ыravaс╣Зa (n): hearing
        • тИЪsth─Б 3P: stand     > sth─Бna (n): standing, place
        • тИЪvac 2P: speak      > vacana (n): speech 
        • тИЪtap 10U: heat      > tapas (n): austerity
        • тИЪman 4─А: think     > manas (n): mind
        • тИЪvac 2P: speak      > vacas (n): speech
        • тИЪbс╣Ыh 1P: expand   > brahman (n): the Absolute
        • тИЪhu 3P: offer         > homan (n): sacrifice
        • тИЪjan 4─А: be born   > janman (n): birth
        • тИЪkс╣Ы 8U: do              > karman (n): action

 

2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES (taddhita pratyaya)
  • ABOUT:
    • Formula: STEM  secondary suffix.
    • Forms NOUNS or ADJ.
    • When word stands alone, acts as NOUN. When before a noun, acts as ADJ.
    • RULE:  First vowel/syllable in STEM often strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi grade. Example when strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi: triguс╣Зa > traiguс╣Зya.   In other cases, remains the same. Example when remains the same: sat > satya (instead of: s─Бtya).
  • LIST:

Indicates: POSSESSION

      • in:
        • Formula: STEM  in  =  possessing (or) having ___.   /   figurative (implied).
        • Decline per (Garden #15-16).
        • RULES:
          • Remove final vowel if present.  EG: a┼Ыva [(m): horse]  in = a┼Ыvin [(adj): charioteer (possessing a horse)].
          • If STEM ends in -as, add vin/min.
            • EG:
              • tapas (n): austerity   tapasvin (adj): possessing austerity.
              • tejas (n): light           >  tejasvin (adj): possessing light.
        • EG:
          • j├▒─Бna (n): knowledge    j├▒─Бnin (adj): wise person (possessed of knowledge), intelligent.
          • pakс╣гa (m): wing            >  pakс╣гin (adj): bird.
          • daс╣Зс╕Нa (m): stick            >  daс╣Зс╕Нin (adj): recluse (ascetic).
      • matmant / vatvant:
        •  Possessing __ OR  Full of __  OR  Having __.   
          • EG: truthful (possessing truth / full of truth / having truth)
        • Formula: Same concept as in.
        • Decline per (Garden PG3 #31-32).
        • When to use mat/vat?
          • If noun ends in a/─Б: use vat.   EG: sukhavat (adj): possessed of happiness.
          • Other vowels/consonants, use mat/vat interchangeably.    EG: man─лс╣г─Б ┼Ыr─лmataс╕е yoginaс╕е ─Бgacchati: Wisdom comes from a radiant yog─л.
        • EG:
          • buddhi (f): intelligence  buddhimat (adj): wisdom (possessed of intelligence), wise person.
          • s─лt─Б sukhavat─л bhavati   >  S─лt─Б becomes full of happiness / filled with happiness.

Indicates: PAST TENSE

      • tavat:
        • Identical to Past Participle.
        • EG: gata (ppp): was gone  gatavat (past participle): went  >  naraс╕е vanam gatav─Бn: Man went to the forest.

Indicates: STATE OF BEING

      • tva (n) /  t─Б (f):
        • Equivalent to: happiness, manhood, nobility.
        • Formula: Same concept as in.
        • Decline per (Garden #1 [NEUTER], #2).
        • EG:
          • amс╣Ыta (adj): immortal    amс╣Ыtatva (n): immortality
          • deva (adj): heavenly      >  devat─Б (f): divinity
          • madhura (adj): sweet    madhurat─Б (f): sweetness
          • nitya (adj): eternal         >  nityatva (n): eternity
          • sama (adj): even            >  samatva (n): evenness, equanimity
          • ┼Ы┼лnya (adj): empty        >  ┼Ы┼лnyat─Б (f): emptiness

Indicates: RELATING TO

      • ya / iya:
        • Pertaining/Relating/Belonging to OR Deriving from __.
        • Formula: Same concept as in.
        • Decline per (Garden #1-2).
        • RULE:  If STEM ends with vowel, remove it before adding yaEG: v─лr>  v─лrya (adj): heroism (relating to a hero)
        • EG:
          • aditi (f): Aditi                            >  ─Бditya (m): descendent of Aditi, sun.
          • danta (m): tooth                     >  dantya (adj): dental.                           
          • kavi (m): poet                          >  k─Бvya (n): poetry  (related to a poet)
          • kс╣гatra (n): might                     >  kс╣гatriya (m): kс╣гatriya (warrior).
          • madhu (m): honey                 >  madhavya (adj): consisting of honey.
          • triguс╣Зa (n): the 3 qualities    traiguс╣Зya (adj): Relating to the 3 qualities.
          • paс╣Зс╕Нita (adj): learned            >  p─Бс╣Зс╕Нitya (n): skillfulness.
          • sat (n): existence                    >  satya (n): truth  (relating to existence)
          • sama (adj): even                     >  s─Бmya (n): equanimity.
          • soma (m): soma                     >  saumya (n): belonging to soma.
          • v─лra (m): hero                          >  v─лrya (n): heroism.
2. MORE SECONDARY SUFFIXES (taddhita)
  • LIST:
    • a:
      • Indicates: belonging to __.
      • Shows connection, such as family descent, or abstraction.
      • Often, the a replaces the STEM'S final a, so don't really see this suffix in action.
      • EG:
        • brahman (n): brahman  > br─Бhmaс╣Зa (adj): a brahman (priest/caste).
        • manas (n): mind              >  m─Бnasa (adj): mental.
        • p─Бс╣Зс╕Нu (m): P─Бс╣Зс╕Нu            > p─Бс╣Зс╕Нava (m): descendant of P─Бс╣Зс╕Нu.
        • putra (m): son                  >  pautra (m): grandchild.
        • ┼Ыiva (m): ┼Ъiva                    >  ┼Ыaiva (adj): belonging to ┼Ъiva.
    • eya:
      • Indicates: descent from __  /  pertaining to __.
      • Always takes vс╣Ыddhi.
      • EG:
        • kunt─л (f): Kunt─л        >  kaunteya (m): son of Kunti (Arjuna).
        • puruс╣гa (m): man   >  pauruс╣гeya(adj): human.
        • с╣Ыс╣гi (m): sage            >  ─Бrс╣гeya (adj): pertaining to a с╣Ыс╣гi.
    • ka / ika:
      • Indicates: pertaining/referring to __  /   smallness.
      • EG:
        • a┼Ыva (m): horse            a┼Ыvaka (m): colt.
        • adhibh┼лta (n): object  >  ─Бdhibhautika (adj): physical.
        • adhideva (n): mind      >  ─Бdhidaivika (adj): pertaining to the mind.
        • adhy─Бtma (n): Self       >  ─Бdhy─Бtmika (adj): relating to Self.
        • anta (m): end                >  antaka (m): death.
        • dharma (m): law          dh─Бrmika (adj): virtuous.
        • mama (pro): my           >  m─Бmaka (adj): mine.
        • ny─Бya (m): logic            >  naiy─Бyika (m): knower of Ny─Бya.
        • putra (m): son              >  putraka (m): little/small son.
        • veda (m): Veda             >  vaidika (adj): relating to Veda.
    • maya / may─л [f] :
      • Indicates: made of __, filled with __.
      • No guс╣Зa changes.
      • EG:
        • ─Бnanda (m): joy           >  ─Бnandamaya (adj): filled with joy.
        • cit (f): consciousness  cinmaya (adj): made of consciousness.
        • j├▒─Бna (n): knowledge  >  j├▒─Бnamaya (adj): consisting of knowledge.
        • jyotiс╕е (n): light              >  jyotirmaya (adj): filled with light.
        • hiraс╣Зya (n): gold          >  hiraс╣Зyamaya (adj): made of gold.
    • tara / tama:
      • Indicates: less/more.
      • Applied to ADJ to form comparative (stronger, bigger, larger) & superlative (strongest, biggest, largest) ADJ.
      • EG:
        • priya (adj): dear      >  priyatara (adj): dearer     >  priyatama (adj): dearest.
        • manda (adj): slow  >  mandatara (adj): slower  >  mandatama (adj): slowest.
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES THAT FORM: ADVERBS
  • ABOUT:
    • An adverb tells how a verb is done. EG: I am walking joyfully (adverb).
    • In Sanskrit, adverb is like an Indeclinable. Meaning don't decline it.
    • 4 Ways to Form a Sanskrit Adverb:
      1. From Neuter > singular > accusative.  Will always end in -am.
        • EG: 
          • nitya (adj): eternal       >  nityam (adv): eternally.
          • satya (n): truth             > satyam (adv): truthfully.
          • sukha (n): happiness  > sukham (adv): happily, pleasantly (BG 5.3).
      2. From Neuter > singular > other cases (mostly INST/ABL).  Will always end in -ena / -─Бt.
        • EG: 
          • duс╕еkham (n): pain      >  duс╕еkhena (adv): painfully.
          • nitya (adj): eternal      >  nityena (adv): eternally.
          • sukham bandh─Бt pramucyate  >  He is easily released from bondage. (BG 5.3)
      3. Provided in Dictionary as a standalone word.
      4. 3 Suffixes in below List…
  • LIST:
    • ┼Ыas (┼Ыaс╕е):
      • Indicates: adverbs of manner.
      • EG:
        • eka (adj): one    >  eka┼Ыaс╕е (adv): one-by-one.
        • sarva (adj): all    sarva┼Ыaс╕е (adv): completely.
    • tas (taс╕е):
      • Sometimes also forms ABLATIVE (from __).
      • Can apply to any noun ending in a, ─Б, ─л.
      • EG:
        • madhya (adj): middle                madhyataс╕е : from the middle.
        • m─Бl─Б (f): garland                      >   m─Бl─Бtaс╕е mauktikam sv─лkaroma : I take a pearl from the garland.
        • pustakataс╕е ┼Ыlokam paс╣нh─Бmi  >   I read a verse from the book.
        • ┼Ыakyaс╕е av─Бptum up─Бyataс╕е     >   It is possible to obtain from proper means(BG 6.36)
    • vat:
      • Indicates: like, as.
      • EG:
        • a┼Ыva (m): horse              a┼Ыvavat (adv): like a horse.
        • ─Бditya (m): sun              ─Бdityavat (adv): like the sun.  |  j├▒─Бnaс╣Г prak─Б┼Ыayati tat param ─Бdityavat : Knowledge illumines that supreme like the Sun. (BG 5.16)
        • ─Б┼Ыcarya (n): a wonder  >  ─Б┼Ыcaryavat (adv): as a wonder (wondrously).  |  ─Б┼Ыcaryavat pa┼Ыyati enam : He sees the self wondrously (like a wonder). (BG 2.29)
Name: PRESENT TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:

Absolute

(Form of: Present Participle)

  • (NOM ACC VERB) (NOM ACC VERB). Two sets of action happening on LEFT & RIGHT side of sentence. EG: (While R─Бma is hunting deer), (S─лt─Б cooks food).
  • Construction is 100% identical to Present Participle, except it makes sentence start with: While/When/As/Even though…
  • RULE: The LEFT side of sentence (both the NOM & Present Participle verb) takes either LOC or GEN
  • Can also be used with Past Participle.

LOC: P/─А locative of Present Participle

GEN: P/─А genitive of Present Participle.

If “рдЕрдкрд┐” after LOC/GEN Present Participle verb, then sentence starts with: “Even though/while…”

  1. LOC: (While/when/as R─Бma is speaking), boy hears.
  2. LOC + рдЕрдкрд┐ : (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
  3. рдЕрдкрд┐‘ can also be used without LOC/GEN:
    (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
  4. LOC: (When Rama goes to forest), Sita goes.
  5. GEN: (While the king was speaking), the boy laughed.
  6. GEN: (While he looks), she goes.
  1. ( рд░рд╛рдореЗ loc    рднрд╛рд╖рдорд╛рдиреЗ loc )  рдмрд▓рдГ рд╢реГрдгреЛрддрд┐
  2. ( рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдЮрд┐ loc    рдЧрд╛рдпрддрд┐ loc рдЕрдкрд┐ )  рдмрд▓рдГ рддрдореН рди рд╢реГрдгреЛрддрд┐
  3. ( рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ loc  рдЧрд╛рдпрдиреН loc рдЕрдкрд┐ ) рдмрд▓рдГ рддрдореН рди рд╢реГрдгреЛрддрд┐
  4. ( рд░рд╛рдореЗ loc  рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ loc ) рд╕реАрддрд╛ рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  5. ( рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдЮрдГ gen  рднрд╛рд╖рдорд╛рдгрд╕реНрдп gen ) рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рдЕрд╣рд╕рддреН
  6. ( рддрд╕реНрдп gen  рдкрд╢реНрдпрддрдГ gen )  рд╕рд╛ рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
Benedictive / Precative
Sanskrit Names: рдЖрд╢реАрд░реНрд▓рд┐рдЩреН / рдЖрд╢рд┐рд╕реН
  • Expresses the SUBJECT'S wish, hope or blessing. English equivalent, May you be healthy. May I become successful. I do not see what would/may remove my sorrow”.
  • Used mainly for uttering blessings or prayers.
  • RARE.

P: тИЪ  +  рдпрд╛  +  [Garden PG4 (59)]

A:  тИЪ  [Garden PG4 (60)]
  1. P: May R─Бma be the king!
  2. P: May we remember the knowledge.
  3. ─А: May you perform the auspicious ritual today!
  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рдиреГрдкрдГ рднреВрдпрд╛рддреН
  2. рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рдореН рд╕реНрдорд░реНрдпрд╛рд╕реНрдо
  3. рд╕реБрдпрдЬреНрдЮрдореН рдЕрджреНрдп рдХреГрд╖реАрд╖реНрдард╛рдГ
Imperative
Sanskrit Names: рд▓реЛрдЯреН / рдЖрдЬреНрдЮрд╛
  • COMMAND. Expresses: instruction, invitation, request, prayer and benediction.
  • 2nd person for casual. EG: You MUST (ought to)__! Leave now!
  • 3rd person for polite-ness. EG: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!  (Since it's impolite to say: Guru, eat the fruit!)
  • Used interchangeably with Optative.
  • Negated with рдорд╛.
  • Read more.
Present STEM + P/─А [Garden PG4 (47, 48 /  55, 56)]
  1. (You) Listen, son!
  2. You must(ought to) go to the forest! / Go to the forest!
  3. POLITE: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!
  4. POLITE: May my friends be satisfied!
  1. рд╣реЗ рдкреБрддреНрд░ voc  рд╢реГрдгреБ
  2. рддреНрд╡рдореН рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрдЪреНрдЫ
  3. рдЧреБрд░реБрдГ рдлрд▓рдореН рдЦрд╛рджрддреБ
  4. рдордо рдорд┐рддреНрд░рд╛рдирд┐ рд╕реБрдЦрд┐рддрд╛рдирд┐ рднрд╡рдиреНрддреБ
Infinitive
Sanskrit Names: рддреБрдореБрдиреН / рддреБрдордирдиреНрдд
  • Shows purpose. EG: to eat, to learn
  • Sometimes replaces Dative.
  • Negated with рди.
  • Read more.
Indeclinable.
guс╣ЗaтИЪ + рддреБрдореН / рдЗрддреБрдореН
  1. R─Бma wants to go.
  2. R─Бma does not desire to come from the forest.
  3. Passive: Book is able to be read (by the boy).
  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рдЧрдиреНрддреБрдореН рдЗрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  2. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╡рдирд╛рддреН рдЖрдЧрдиреНрддреБрдореН рди рдЗрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  3. рдмрд╛рд▓реЗрди рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН рдкрдард┐рддреБрдореН рд╢рдХреНрдпрддреЗ
Injunctive
  • It's a negative Imperative. Hence preceded with рдорд╛ (not).
  • Constructed from Aorist's 7 forms.
  • Removed in Classical Sanskrit (same fate of Aorist) because too complex. Replaced by Imperative.
  • RARE.
P/─А (10 Verb Classes): Identical to Aorist's various forms, but without initial “рдЕ”.
  1. Don't do that!
  2. Let Bharata not be the king! / Bharata must not beтАж
  3. O Arjuna, you must not go to weakness!
  1. рддрддреН рдорд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрд╖реАрддреН (тИЪрдХреГ 8U)
  2. рднрд░рддрдГ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдорд╛ рднреВрддреН (тИЪрднреВ 1P)
  3. рд╣реЗ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди, рдХреНрд▓реИрдмреНрдпрдореН рдорд╛ рдЧрдордГ
Optative / Potential
Sanskrit Names: рд▓рд┐рдЩреН / рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐ / рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЩреН
  • Expresses a WISH. Indicates either (A) тАЬShould/Had betterтАЭ, or (B) тАЬMight/May/WouldтАЭ perform the action.
  • Think of it as a gentle order (less forceful then Imperative), advice, expectation, suggestion.
  • Can be used interchangeably with Imperative, if using “should”.
  • Read more.
Class 1,4,6,10:
тИЪ  +  [Garden PG4 (49, 50)]

Non-1,4,6,10:
тИЪ  +  [Garden PG4 (57, 58)]
  1. R─Бma should obtain S─лt─Б!
  2. You should be a Pundit!
  3. He who wishes for peace should go to the forest.
  4. These boys might play in the pond!
  5. If mother should not come, then daughter might die. (LIT: might become dead)
  6. In that house, you (pl) may not find food.
  7. If R─Бma should not return from the forest, then I would die!
  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрдореН рд▓рднреЗрдд
  2. рдкрдгреНрдбрд┐рддрдореН рднрд╡реЗрдГ
  3. рдпрдГ рд╕рд╛рдиреНрддрд┐рдореН рдЗрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐, рд╕ рд╡рдирдореН рдЪрд░реЗрддреН
  4. рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛рдГ рд╡рд╛рдкреНрдпрд╛рдореН рджреАрд╡реНрдпреЗрдпреБрдГ
  5. рдпрджрд┐ рдорд╛рддрд╛ рди рдЖрдЧрдЪреНрдЫреЗрддреН, рддрд░реНрд╣рд┐ рдХрдиреНрдпрд╛ рдореГрддрд╛ рднрд╡реЗрддреН
  6. рддрд╕реНрдорд┐рдиреН рдЧреГрд╣реЗ, рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░рдореН рди рд▓рднреЗрдзреНрд╡рдореН
  7. рдпрджрд┐ рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╡рдирд╛рддреН рди рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдЧрдЪреНрдЫреЗрддреН, рддрд░реНрд╣рд┐ рдЕрд╣рдореН рдореНрд░рд┐рдпреЗрдп
Present Indicative
Sanskrit Names: рд▓рдЯреН / рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рдирдХрд╛рд▓рдГ / рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рди
  • Action is done now.
  • Adding ” рд╕реНрдо ” turns it into Imperfect.

Construction for 10 verb classes found in [Garden PG5].

P/─А endings: [Garden PG4 (43, 44 / 51, 52)]

  1. Man goes (is going / goes).
  2. Boy speaks (is speaking / speaks).
  3. Can use to make Imperfect: Boy spoke to his sister.
  4. Can indicate Present Indicative via Present Passive: The man/men runs. (LIT: It is run by the man/men.)
  1. рдирд░рдГ рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  2. рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рднрд╛рд╖рддреЗ
  3. рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рддрд╕реНрдп рд╕реНрд╡рд╕рд╛рд░рдореН рд╡рджрддрд┐ рд╕реНрдо
  4. рдирд░реЗрди / рдирд░реИрдГ inst  рдзрд╛рд╡реНрдпрддреЗ (always in Single)
Present Participle
Sanskrit Names: рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рдиреЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд
  • ing.  (EG: walking, speaking, doing)
  • (LEFT SIDE) (RIGHT SIDE). Used like Gerund; it's placed on LEFT side of sentence.
  • Acts like ADJ. Takes Gender/Num/Case(optional)  of the Subject or Noun which the Present Participle is referring to.
  • Read more (has many rules).

SIMPLIFIED:
P/─А: тИЪ  +  [Garden PG7]

TECHNICAL:
P: тИЪ  +  рдЕрддреН  [Garden (12, 31, 32)].

─А: STEM + рдорд╛рди / рдЖрди + [Garden (1, 2)]

  1. (Going to the forest), R─Бma sees a deer.
  2. (Seeing the deer), S─лt─Б speaks to R─Бma.
  3. (Speaking to S─лta), R─Бma kisses her.
  4. Boy runs (from the falling house).
  5. Having seen Rama approaching, all stood up.
  6. Speaking, she walks.
  7. The (approaching R─Бma) saw the (laughing sage).
  8. (Seeing the demons), the sages abandoned the awful forest.
  1. ( рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрдиреН рд░рд╛рдордГ рдореГрдЧрдореН рдкрд╢реНрдпрддрд┐
  2. ( рдореГрдЧрдореН рдкрд╢реНрдпрдиреА рд╕рд┐рддрд╛ рд░рд╛рдордореН рд╡рджрддрд┐
  3. ( рд╕реАрддрд╛рдореН рднрд╛рд╖рдорд╛рдирдГ рд░рд╛рдордГ рддрд╛рдореН рдЪреБрдореНрдмрддрд┐
  4. ( рдкрддрддрдГ n,abl  рдЧреГрд╣рд╛рддреН n,abl )  рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рдзрд╛рд╡рддрд┐
  5. ( рд░рд╛рдордореН acc рдЖрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрдиреНрддрдореН acc  рджреГрд╖реНрдЯреНрд╡рд╛ ) рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЗ рдЙрджрддрд┐рд╖реНрдардиреН
  6. рднрд╛рд╖рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд░рддрд┐
  7. ( рд╣рд╕рдиреНрддрдореН рдореБрдирд┐рдореН ) ( рдЙрдкрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрдиреН рд░рд╛рдордГ ) рдЕрдкрд╢реНрдпрддреН
  8. ( рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╕рд╛рдиреН рдкрд╢реНрдпрдиреНрддрдГ ) рдореБрдирдпрдГ рдШреЛрд░рд╡рдирдореН рдЕрддреНрдпрдЬрдиреН

Present Passive Participle

(Form of: Present Participle)

тИЪ + рдп + рдорд╛рди (for all 10 verb classes) + [Garden (1, 2)]
  1. (Being led by R─Бma), the army conquers the enemies.  (Who is being led? Army. Thus declines like “army“)
  2. (Being asked by Krishna), Radha speaks.
  3. (In the forest, being gone to (approached) by Rama), the sage was pleased to see him.
  4. (The statement being spoken by me), comes from experience.
  5. (The men being slain by the lion), cry for help.
  6. (Being struck by Rama), the demons ran far from the forest.
  1. ( рд░рд╛рдореЗрдг рдиреАрдпрдорд╛рдирд╛ рд╕реЗрдирд╛ рд╢рддреНрд░реВрдГ рдЬрдпрддрд┐
  2. (рдХреГрд╖реНрдгреЗрди рдкреГрдЪреНрдЫреНрдпрдорд╛рдирд╛ ) рд░рд╛рдзрд╛ рд╡рджрддрд┐
  3. ( рд░рдореЗрдг рд╡рдиреЗ loc  рдЧрдореНрдпрдорд╛рдиреЗ loc )  рдореБрдирд┐рдГ рддрдореН рджреНрд░рд╖реНрдЯреБрдореН рддреБрд╖реНрдЯрдГ  (In this eg, the Participle agrees with the Object.)
  4. ( рдордпрд╛ рд╡рдЪрдирдореН рднрд╛рд╖реНрдпрдорд╛рдирдореН ) рдХреМрд╢рд▓рд╛рддреН рдЖрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  5. ( рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣реЗрди рдирд░рд╛рдиреН рд╣рдиреНрдпрдорд╛рдирд╛рдиреН ) рдЙрдкреНрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдп рдХреНрд░реЛрд╢рдиреНрддрд┐
  6. ( рд░рдореЗрдг рддреБрджреНрдпрдорд╛рдирд╛рдГ ) рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╕рд╛рдГ рд╡рдирд╛рддреН рджреВрд░рдореН рдЕрдзрд╛рд╡рдиреН
Present Passive
Sanskrit Names: рдХрд░реНрдордгрд┐ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ / рдХрд░реНрдорд╡рд╛рдЪреНрдп / рднрд╛рд╡рд╡рд╛рдЪреНрдп
  • (is / are / are being)optional  –ed
  • EG: protected, is protected,  are desired,  are being desired.
  • ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
  • The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases.
  • Family: Imperfect Passive, Future Passive. 
  • Read more | More examples: 1, 2.
тИЪ + рдп + ─А [Garden PG4 (44 / 52)]
  1. Book  (is / is being) read  by the boy.
  2. Scriptures (are / are being) heard by steady minds.
  3. Anger (is) called enemy of the wise.
  4. Bliss attained by yogis, should be obtained by all.
  5. I am desired passionatelyadv by my wife.
  6. Tree is walked (to) by R─Бma.
  1. рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН nom   рдмрд╛рд▓реЗрди  рдкрдареНрдпрддреЗ
  2. рд╢реНрд░реБрддрд┐рдГ рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд▓рдордиреЛрднрд┐рдГ рд╢реНрд░реВрдпрддреЗ
  3. рдХреНрд░реЛрдзрдГ рдордиреАрд╖рд┐рдиреНрд╢рддреНрд░реБрдГ рдЙрдЪреНрдпрддреЗ
  4. рдЖрдирдиреНрджрдГ рдпреЛрдЧрд┐рднрд┐рдГ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдпрддреЗ, рд╕рд░реНрд╡реИрдГ рдЖрдкрдиреАрдпрдГ
  5. рдЕрд╣рдореН рдордо рднрд╛рд░реНрдпрдпрд╛ рдордиреНрджрдиреЗрди рдЗрд╖реНрдпреЗ
  6. рд╡реГрдХреНрд╖рдГ рд░рд╛рдореЗрди рдЪрд░реНрдпрддреЗ
Name: PAST TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Aorist
Sanskrit Names: рд▓реБрдЩреН / рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрд╛ рднреБрддрдХрд╛рд▓рдГ / рднреВрдд

7 Ways to Construct

Simple:

  • Form 1:
    ┬╗ P only: рдЕ  +  тИЪ  +   P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes]

  • Form 2:
    ┬╗ P: рдЕ   тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А: рдЕ  +  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes] * irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.

Reduplication:

  • Form 3:
    ┬╗ P:
    рдЕ  Reduplication (with extra Aorist rules)  +  тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А: рдЕ  Reduplication (with extra Aorist rules)  +  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]

Sibilant:

  • Form 4 (sa): 
    ┬╗
    Rules: [1] Only applies to roots that end in: рд╢реН / рд╖реН / рд╣реН   [2] No root strengthening. [3] Due to sandhi, last рд╢реН in root will change to рдХреНрд╖реН.  EG: тИЪрд╕реНрдкреГрд╢реН > рд╕реНрдкреГрдХреНрд╖реН

    ┬╗ P: рдЕ   тИЪ  +  P [Garden PG4 (45)for all 10 verb classes]
    ┬╗ ─А: рдЕ  +  тИЪ  +  ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.

  • Form 5 (siс╣г): 
    ┬╗
    Applies (mostly) to roots ending in -рдЖ, and following roots: тИЪрдирдореН 1P (worship), тИЪрдпрдореН 1P (support), тИЪрд░рдореН 1─А (enjoy).

    ┬╗ P Only: рдЕ  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  рд╕рд┐рд╖реН  +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes]

  • Form 6 (s):
    ┬╗ Rules: [1] Due to sandhi, рд╕реН will change into рд╖реН   [2] Medial vowel in root, doesn't take guс╣Зa in ─А.
    ┬╗ P: рдЕ  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  рд╕реН +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes] 
    ┬╗ ─А: рдЕ  +  guс╣ЗaтИЪ  +  рд╕реН +  ─А [Garden PG4 (54)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have: рд╕реН.

  • Form 7 (iс╣г):
    ┬╗ Rules: [1]
    Medial vowel in root, is made guс╣Зa in both P/─А. However medial -рдЕ is unchanged.

    ┬╗ P: рдЕ  +  vс╣ЫddhiтИЪ  +  рдЗрд╖реН +  P [Garden PG4 (53)for all 10 verb classes] *3 irregularities
    ┬╗ ─А: рдЕ  +  guс╣ЗaтИЪ   +  рдЗрд╖реН +  ─А [Garden PG4 (54)for all 10 verb classes]  * Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have:  рд╖реН.

Passive:

  • Aorist > Passive Single > 3rd Person:
    ┬╗ This is a common form you need to recognize.
    ┬╗ Formula: рдЕ
      +  тИЪ  + рдЗ

    ┬╗ Rules: [1] Medial vowel in root takes guс╣Зa. EG: тИЪрдореБрдЪреН 6P > рдЕрдореЛрдЪрд┐ : He was released. [2] Final vowel in root takes vс╣Ыddhi. EG: тИЪрдХреГ 8U > рдЕрдХрд╛рд░рд┐ : He was made.

тЧД For efficiency, formula is on left side.

  1. Form 1: R─Бma went to the deer. 
  2. Form 2: Guru released me from bondage.
  3. Form 3: S─лt─Б went to the house. 
  4. Form 4: R─Бma touched S─лt─Б gently.
  5. Form 5: We went to meet the guru. 
  6. Form 6: The armies led the soldiers into battle.
  7. Form 7: Our ignorance covered our discernment. 
  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рдореГрдЧреНрд░рдореН рдЕрдЧрдорддреН
  2. рдЧреБрд░реБрдГ рдмрдиреНрдзрд╛рддреН рдорд╛рдореН рдЕрдореБрдЪрдд
  3. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рдЧреГрд╣рдореН рдЕрдЬреАрдЧрдорддреН
  4. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрд╛рдореН рд╕рджрдпреЗрди рдЕрд╕реНрдкреГрдХреНрд╖рддреН
  5. рд╡рдпрдореН рдЧреБрд░реБрдореН рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рддреБрдореН рдЕрдпрд╛рд╕рд┐рд╖реНрдо  (тИЪрдпрд╛ 2P: go)
  6. рд╕реЗрдирд╛рдГ рдпреБрджреНрдзреЗ рд╕реИрдирд┐рдХрд╛рдиреН рдЕрдиреИрд╖реБрдГ  (тИЪn─л 1U: lead)
  7. рдЕрд╕реНрдХреНрдорд╛рдХрдореН рдЕрд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рд╡реЗрдХрдореН рдЕрд╡рд░рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ  (тИЪvс╣Ы 1U: cover)
Conditional
Sanskrit Names: рд▓реГрдЩреН / рдМрдЩреН / рд╕рдЩреНрдХреЗрдд / рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд
  • Indicates: would have
  • Rarely used.
  • Read more.
рдЕ + simple future + imperfect endings [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]
  1. R─Бma would have gone to forest without Lakshman.
  2. R─Бma would have been the king.
  3. Had the boy not stolen the thing, his mother would not have punished him.  (LIT: Would have not the boy stolen the thing…)
  4. If men would have come, then I would have been killed.
  5. If they would have come by a good road, the cart would have not fallen.

  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдордгрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдирд╛ рд╡рдирдореН рдЕрдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
  2. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдирдореН рдЕрднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
  3. рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрдореН рди рдЕрдЪреЛрд░рдпрд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН, рддрд╕реНрдп рдорд╛рддрд╛ рддрдореН рди рдЕрддрд░реНрдЬрд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
  4. рдпрджрд┐ рдирд░рд╛рдГ рдЕрдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреН рддрджрд╛ рд╣рддрдГ рдЕрднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдореН
  5. рд╕реБрдорд╛рд░реНрдЧреЗрдгреН рдЪреЗрджреН рдЖрдпрд╛рд╕реНрдпрдиреН, рд╢рдХрдЯрдореН рди рдЕрдкрддрд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
Gerund / Absolutive / Indeclinable
Past Participle

Sanskrit Names: рдХреНрддреНрд╡рд╛ / рддреНрд╡рд╛рдиреНрдд / рдХреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рдиреНрдд / рд▓реНрдпрдмрдиреНрдд / рд▓реНрдпрдкреН
  • Indicates prior COMPLETED action. Having seen __  /  After seeing __.
  • ACC comes before it.
  • Read more.

Indeclinable.
тИЪ + рддреНрд╡рд╛
If prefix, then: тИЪ + рдп / рдпрд╛ (fem)

  1. Having abandoned(After abandoning) the fire.
  2. PREFIX: Having obtained wisdom, I teach.
  1. рдЕрдЧреНрдирд┐рдореН acc   рд╣рд┐рддреНрд╡рд╛
  2. рдордиреАрд╖рд╛рдореН рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдп (рдкреНрд░ + тИЪрдЖрдкреН 4P + рдп), рдЙрдкрджрд┐рд╢рд╛рдорд┐
Imperfect
Sanskrit Names: рд▓рдЩреН / рдЕрдирджреНрдпрддрди рднреВрдд
  • Event happened in the past.
  • Used interchangeably with: Perfect, Present Indicative рд╕реНрдо, Past Participle.
  • Read more.

рдЕ  +  тИЪ  + P/─А [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]

  1. The boy read the book.
  1. рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН рдЕрдкрдарддреН
Imperfect Passive / Past Passive
  • was/were -ed.
  • Use interchangeably with Past Passive Participle.
  • Family: Present Passive, Future Passive.   

рдЕ + тИЪ + рдп + imperfect ─А [Garden PG4 (46)for all 10 verb classes]

  1. Book was read.
  2. Bhima & Arjuna were seen by Kunti.
  3. The stories were heard by the girls.
  4. Only INST + Imperfect Passive: The flower/flowers was/were grown. (LIT: It was grown by the flower/flowers.) 
  1. рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН рдЕрдкрдареНрдпрдд
  2. рднреАрдордГ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрдирдГ рдЪ рдХреБрдиреНрддреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрджреГрд╖реНрдпреЗрддрд╛рдореН
  3. рдХрдерд╛рдГ рдХрдиреНрдпрд╛рднрд┐рдГ рдЕрд╢реНрд░реВрдпрдиреНрдд
  4. рдкреБрд╖реНрдкреЗрдг / рдкреБрд╖реНрдкреИрдГ inst  рдЕрд╡рд░реНрдзрдд (always in Single)
Past Participle
(Active рдкрд░рд╕реНрдореИрдкрдж)
Sanskrit Names: рдХреНрддрд╡рддреБ
  • Past tense. Basically used like Imperfect, but with extra features.
  • Can be used as: [1] VERB: Declines like the Subject of sentence (just like in Present / Future participle), [2] ADJ: Describes someone/thing, [3] NOUN: Stands on it's own (EG: He who conquered.)
  • Negate with a рдЕ / an рдЕрдиреН.
  • Related to  рддрд╡рддреН  suffix.
  • Used interchangeably with: Imperfect, Perfect, Present Indicative рд╕реНрдо.
  • Read more.

PPP  +  (mas, n): рд╡рддреН / рд╡рдиреНрддреН    (fem): рд╡рддреА  +  declines like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)]

NOUN:

  1. R─Бma went to the forest.
  2. S─лt─Б came from the river.
  3. Negation: S─лt─Б hasn't come from the river.
  4. Scriptures conquered ignorance.

ADJ:

  1. R─Бma is one who has abandoned everything.
  2. I saw (the man who ate the fruits).
  3. The king spoke (to the man who remembered his mother).

NOUN:

  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ mas   рд╡рдирдореН  рдЧрддрд╡рд╛рдиреН mas
  2. рд╕реАрддрд╛ fem  рдирджреНрдпрд╛рдГ  рдЖрдЧрддрд╡рддреА fem
  3. рд╕реАрддрд╛ fem  рдирджреНрдпрд╛рдГ  рдЕрдирд╛рдЧрддрд╡рддреА fem
  4. рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд╛рдирд┐ n  рдЕрд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рдореН  рдЬрд┐рддрд╡рдиреНрддрд┐ n

ADJ:

  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдореН рддреНрдпрдХреНрддрд╡рд╛рдиреН рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐
  2. (рдлрд▓рд╛рдирд┐ рдЦрд╛рджрд┐рддрд╡рдиреНрддрдореН рдирд░рдореН) рдЕрд╣рдореН рдЕрдкрд╢реНрдпрдореН
  3. (рддрд╕реНрдп рдорд╛рддрд░рдореН рд╕реНрдореГрддрд╡рдиреНрддрдореН рдирд░рдореН) рдиреГрдкрдГ рдЕрд╡рджрддреН
Past Passive Participle (PPP) 
Sanskrit Names: рднреВрддреЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд
  • (was/were |  has/have been)optional  -ed, -en.
  • EG: was protected, were protected,  have been desired,  has spoken.
  • ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
  • The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases (mostly INST).
  • Negate with рдЕ / рдЕрдиреН.
  • Read more.

тИЪ + -рдд -рдЗрдд -рдИрдд -рди  [Garden PG1 (1, 2)]

  1. VERB:  Book (was/is) read                by the boy.
  2. VERB:  Daughter (was/is)  desired  by the poet.
  3. ADJ:  Established intellect.
  4. COMPOUND:  Desired fruit.
  5. COMPOUND: Kauravas saw dead bodies.
  6. VERB: Enemy (was) hated  by the people.
  7. Trees (were) seen                by Arjuna.
  8. Sound (has been) heard     by the lady.
  1. рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН рдмрд╛рд▓реЗрди рдкрдард┐рддрдореН
  2. рдкреБрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ рдХрд╡рд┐рдирд╛ рдЗрд╖реНрдЯрд╛
  3. рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮрд╛
  4. рдЗрд╖реНрдЯрдлрд▓рдореН
  5. рдХреМрд░рд╡рд╛рдГ рдореГрддрджреЗрд╣рд╛рдиреН рдЕрдкрд╢реНрдпрдиреН
  6. рд╢рддреНрд░реБрдГ рдордиреБрд╖реНрдпреИрдГ    рджреНрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдЯрдГ
  7. рд╡реГрдХреНрд╖рд╛рдГ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрдиреЗрди  рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрдГ
  8. рд╢рдмреНрджрдГ рдирд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛      рд╢реНрд░реБрддрдГ
Perfect
Sanskrit Names: рд▓рд┐рдЯреН / рдкрд░реЛрдХреНрд╖ рднреВрдд
  • Same as Imperfect, but not witnessed by the speaker.
  • In practice, used interchangeably with Imperfect.
  • Has additional reduplication & P/─А rules.
  • Read more.

redupтИЪ  +  [ (P: Single = apply guс╣Зa to root | Dual/Pl = leave root alone)   (─А: SDP = leave root alone) ]  +  (potential ‘ рдЗ ‘)  +  [Garden PG4 (61, 62)]

  1. Sage spoke to R─Бma.
  2. I was there.
  3. She pushed the boy.
  1. рдореБрдирд┐рдГ рд░рд╛рдордореН рдЙрд╡рд╛рдЪ/рдКрдЪреЗ
  2. рдЕрд╣рдореН рддрддреНрд░ рдЖрд╕
  3. рд╕рд╛ рдмрд╛рд▓рдореН рддреБрддреЛрдж
Name: FUTURE TENSE: Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Future Passive
Participle (FPP) / Gerundive
  • Like PPP, can act as verb, adj, noun. In all cases, it declines same as the word it qualifies.
  • See it as COMMAND/FIRM SUGGESTION. Meaning, can also be used like an Imperative.
  • Indicates what will  / must / ought to be done in future.
  • “It is to be __ed”.  EG: It is to be obtained, desired!
  • If FPP is not referring to any NOM, then decline FPP in NEUTER (NOM, SING). See EG on right >>>
  • Read more.

guс╣Зa (rarely vс╣Ыddhi)тИЪ + -рдЕрдиреАрдп -рддрд╡реНрдп -рдп  + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)]

  1. Book is to be(will/must/ought to/should be) read  by the boy.
    (OR if using like Imperative)
    Let the book be read  by the boy!
  2. R─Бma is to be united with S─лta.
  3. Elephants (which) should not be heard, are heard by the boys.
  4. NO NOM: It is to be protected by me.

  1. рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН nom  рдмрд╛рд▓реЗрди рд╕рд╣  рдкрд╛рдардиреАрдпрдореН / рдкрдард┐рддрд╡реНрдпрдореН / рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдореН
  2. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрдпрд╛  рдпреЛрдЬрдиреАрдпрдГ / рдпреЛрдХреНрддрд╡реНрдпрдГ / рдпреЛрдЧреНрдпрдГ
  3. рд╣рд╕реНрддрд┐рдирдГ nom,pl   рди рд╢реНрд░реЛрддрд╡реНрдпрд╛рдГ рдмрд╛рд▓реИрдГ рд╢реНрд░реВрдпрдиреНрддреЗ passive
  4. рдордпрд╛ рдЧреЛрдкреНрддрд╡реНрдпрдореН Neuter, Sing, Nom
Future Participle
(Active рдкрд░рд╕реНрдореИрдкрдж & Middle рдЖрддреНрдордиреЗрдкрдж)
Sanskrit Names: рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреГрджрдиреНрдд
  • will be VERBing.
  • 2 ways to use:
    • FORM 1: Simple NOM ACC VERB.
    • FORM 2: (Left side) (Right side) sentence.
  • Read more.

Simple Future STEM + [Garden PG7]for all 10 verb classes

(Ignore the orange endings, as only applies to Present Participles)

FORM 1:

  1. R─Бma will be going to S─лt─Б.
  2. Devotee will be serving the guru.
  3. S─лt─Б will be staying in Ayodha.
  4. They will be writing a Sanskrit story for the teacher.
  5. I will be coming to meet you tomorrow.
  6. S─лt─Б will be fetching water from the river.
  7. R─Бma will be seeing S─лta to speak about food.

FORM 2:

  1. (I speak) (to the man that will-be-going). 
    Literal: (I am speaking) (to the will-be-going-man).
  2. (We are seeing) (clouds that will be vanishing in the sky). 
    Literal: (We see) (the will-be-vanishing-clouds in the sky).
  3. (I give money) (for the woman that will be coming from the village).   
    Literal: (I give money) (for the will-be-coming-from-village woman).

FORM 1:

  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрд╛рдореН рдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреН
  2. рднрдХреНрддрдГ рдЧреБрд░реБрдореН рд╕реЗрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдорд╛рдирдГ
  3. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рдЕрдпреЛрдзреЗ рд╕реНрдерд╛рд╕реНрдпрдиреНрддреА
  4. рддреЗ рдЕрджреНрдпрд╛рдкрдХрд╛рдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрдХрдерд╛рдореН рд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреНрддрдГ
  5. рдЕрд╣рдореН рддреНрд╡рд╛рдореН рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рддреБрдореН рдЖрдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрдорд╛рдгрдГ рд╢реНрд╡рдГ
  6. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рдирджреНрдпрд╛рдГ рдЬрд▓рдореН рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрд╕реНрдпрдиреНрддреА  (рдкреНрд░ + тИЪрдЖрдкреН 5P)
  7. рд░рд╛рдордГ рднреЛрдЬрдирдореН рд╡рджрд┐рддреБрдореН рд╕реАрддрд╛рдореН рджреНрд░рдХреНрд╖реНрдпрдиреН

FORM 2:

  1. ( рдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрдорд╛рдгрдореН рдирд░рдореН )  ( рдЕрд╣рдореН рд╡рджрддрд┐ )
  2. ( рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢реЗ  рдореНрд▓реИрд╖реНрдпрддрдГ acc,pl  рдШрдирд╛рдиреН acc,pl )   ( рд╡рдпрдореН рдкрд╢реНрдпрд╛рдордГ )
  3. ( рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдорд╛рддреН рдЖрдЧрдорд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреНрддреНрдпреИ dat рдирд╛рд░реНрдпреИ dat ) ( рдЕрд╣рдореН рдзрдирдореН рдпрдЪреНрдЫрд╛рдорд┐ )
Future Passive
  • Same concept as Present Passive, except: will be ___en.
  • Family: Present Passive, Imperfect Passive
guс╣ЗaтИЪ  + -рд╕реНрдп -рдЗрд╖реНрдп + [Garden PG4 (44)for all 10 verb classes]
  1. Bird will be eaten by the snake.
  2. Houses will be made by men.
  3. R─Бma and S─лta will be seen in the forest.
  4. Only INST + Future Passive: The horse/horses will eat. (LIT: It will be eaten by the horse/horses.) 
  1. рдЦрдЧрдГ рд╕рд░реНрдкреЗрдг рдЦрд╛рджрд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреЗ
  2. рдЧреГрд╣рд╛рдирд┐ рдирд░реИрдГ рдХрд░рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреНрддреЗ
  3. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрд╛ рдЪ рд╡рдиреЗ рджреНрд░рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЗрддреЗ
  4. рдЕрд╢реНрд╡реЗрди / рдЕрд╢реНрд╡реИрдГ inst   рдЦрд╛рджрд┐рд╖реНрдпрдд (always in Single)
Periphrastic Future / Distant Future
Sanskrit Names: рд▓реБрдЯреН / рдЕрдирджреНрдпрддрди рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
  • Stating event in future (mostly tomorrow and after).
  • Rare.
  • Read more.

guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -рддрд╛ -рдЗрддрд╛ + [Garden PG4 (61)for all 10 verb classes]

  1. I will learn morality.
  2. He will do meditation in the room.
  1. рдЕрд╣рдореН рдзрд░реНрдордореН рдкрдард┐рддрд╛рд╕реНрдорд┐
  2. рд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХреЛрд╖реНрдареЗ рдзреНрдпрд╛рдирдореН рдХрд░реНрддрд╛
Simple Future
Sanskrit Names: рд▓реГрдЯреН / рдМрдЯреН / рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрд╛ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдиреН / рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрддреН
  • Stating event in future. More common then Periphrastic Future.
  • Used interchangeably with Periphrastic future.
  • Read more.

guс╣ЗaтИЪ + -рд╕реНрдп -рдЗрд╖реНрдп + P/─А [Garden PG4 (43, 44)for all 10 verb classes]

  1. I will read the book. / I am going to read the book.
  1. рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрдореН acc  рдкрдард┐рд╖реНрдпрд╛рдорд┐

 

Type: VERB FORMATIONS:
Formula: English: Sanskrit:
Primary Verbs:
Normal
Sanskrit Names: рдЕрдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрд╛рдиреНрдд
  • Everything as per above table.
     
Secondary Verbs:
Causative
Sanskrit Names: рдгрд┐рдЬрдиреНрдд / рдгрд┐рдЬреН / рдкреНрд░реЗрд░рдгрд╛рд░реНрдердХ
  • He causes ACC to ___.
  • If more then two ACC in sentence, the caused ACC takes INST. EG: Rama causes Sita (inst) to go to forest (acc).
  • 2 Signs to Identify: [1] 2nd/3rd letter might be long. [2] рдЕрдп / рдЕрдпреН before declension. EG: рдХрд╛рд░рдпрддреН , рдЧрдордпреЗрддреН
  • Construction is 100% identical to Class 10 Verbs.
  • Purpose: allows verbs to be translated figuratively (implied meaning).
  • Read more.

strenghtenedтИЪ  +   рдЗ (appears as either: рдЕрдп / рдЕрдпреН)  +  P/─А

рдЕрдп seen in: Present / Imperfect / Imperative / Present Participle

рдЕрдпреН seen in: Optative / Simple Future / Periphrastic Future / Future Participle / Future Passive Participle / Infinitive / Gerund

* Some roots take рдкреН before рдЕрдп / рдЕрдпреН. EG: тИЪрдЬреНрдЮрд╛ > рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдкрдпрддрд┐

  1. Mother causes boy to go
  2. R─Бma causes S─лt─Б to go to the forest.  FIGURATIVE: R─Бma leads/nudges/guides/persuades S─лt─Б to go the forest.
  3. Imperfect: Skills caused men to be protected from death.
  4. Imperative: Krishna must cause Karna to unite with Pandavas!
  5. Present Participle: R─Бvaс╣Зa is causing S─лt─Б to become distressed.
  6. Optative: Husband should not cause wife to abandon him.
  7. Simple Future: Manthara will cause Kaikey─л to lie.
  8. Gerund: Having caused S─лt─Б to go to the forest, R─Бma hugs her.
  9. Infinitive: Dasharatha does not desire (to cause to discard R─Бma) from Ayodha.
  10. Future Passive Participle: This man is not to be caused to go outside
  11. Present Passive: Sage caused truth to be desired in students.
  12. PPP: Army was caused to be gone by enemies.  FIGURATIVE: Army was eliminated by enemies.
  1. рдорд╛рддрд╛  рдмрд╛рд▓рдореН рдЧрдордпрддрд┐
  2. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддреНрдпрд╛ inst   рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрдордпрддрд┐
  3. рдХреМрд╢рд▓рд╛рдГ рдирд░рд╛рдиреН рдорд░рдгрд╛рддреН рдЕрдЧреЛрдкрдпрдиреН
  4. рдХреГрд╖реНрдгрдГ рдХрд░реНрдгрдореН рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбрд╡реИрдГ рдпреЛрдЬрдпрддреБ
  5. рд░рд╛рд╡рдгрдГ рд╕реАрддрдпрд╛ рджреБрдГрдЦрд┐рддрд╛рдореН рднрд╛рд╡рдпрдиреН
  6. рдкрддрд┐рдГ рдкрддреНрдиреНрдпрд╛ рддрдореН рди рддреНрдпрд╛рдЬрдпреЗрддреН
  7. рдордиреНрдерд░рдГ рдХреИрдХреЗрдпреАрдореН рд╣рд░реНрд╖рдпрд┐рд╖реНрдпрддрд┐
  8. рд╕реАрддрдпрд╛ рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрдордпрд┐рддреНрд╡рд╛, рд░рд╛рдордГ рддрд╛рдореН рд╕реНрд╡рдЬрддреЗ
  9. рджрд╢рд░рдердГ рдЕрдпреЛрдзрд╛рддреН (рд░рд╛рдордореН рддреНрдпрд╛рдЬрдпрд┐рддреБрдореН) рди рдЗрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐
  10. рдЕрдпрдореН рдирд░рдГ рдмрд╣рд┐рдореН рди рдЧрдордпрд┐рддрд╡реНрдп
  11. рдореБрдирд┐рдГ рд╕рддреНрдпрдореН рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдпреЗрд╖реБ рдПрд╖реНрдпрддреЗ
  12. рд╕реЗрдирд╛ рд╢рддреНрд░реБрднрд┐рдГ рдЧрдорд┐рдд
Desiderative
Sanskrit Names: рд╕рдиреНрдирдиреНрдд / рд╕рдиреН
  • Subject desires/wishes/wants to do the VERB.
  • Can create ADJ. Replace STEM'S last рдЕ with рдЙ  +  decline like [Garden PG2 (24-26)]. 
  • Can create FEM NOUN. Replace STEM'S final рдЕ with рдЖ  +  decline like Garden #2.
  • Read more. 
Reduplication [Replace: рдЕ рдЖ рдЛ реа рдЗ рдИ > рдЗ]  +  тИЪ  + рд╕/рдЗрд╖  +  P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)for all 10 verb classes]
  1. S─лt─Б (desires to go) to the forest.
  2. R─Бma (wants to sing) to Sita.
  3. ADJ: Eager to fight R─Бma (wants to conquer) the army.
  4. NOUN: I (desire to do) analysis on self.
  1. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рд╡рдирдореН рдЬрд┐рдЧрдорд┐рд╖рддрд┐
  2. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реАрддрд╛рдореН рдЬрд┐рдЧрд╛рд╕рддрд┐
  3. рдпреБрдпреБрддреНрд╕реБрдГ  рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реЗрдирд╛рдореН рдЬрд┐рдЧреАрд╖рддрд┐
  4. рдЕрд╣рдореН рдЖрддреНрдордирд┐ рдореАрдорд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рдореН рдЪрд┐рдХреАрд░реНрд╖рд╛рдорд┐
Intensive / Frequentative
Sanskrit Names: рдпрдЩрдиреНрдд / рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рддрд┐рдкрддреНрддреМ рд▓реГрдЩреН
  • Verb & Adverb COMBINED in a single verb. EG: R─Бma shines strongly : рд░рд╛рдо  рдЬрд╛рдЬреНрд╡рд▓рддрд┐
  • English equivalent: “What the hell is going on here? / I am bloody well going to do itтАЭ. In English, Intensive is an adverb (hell, bloody, etc). In Sanskrit, Intensive is the actual verb.
  • Intensive has 3 ways of showing intensity: “He/she goes [1] strongly (INTENSITY[2] repeatedly (FREQUENCY[3] crookedly (WITH DIFFICULTY)”. 
    • Context tells which one it is.
  • Rare (mostly found in Vedic Sanskrit).
  • Read more.

Construction has 2 forms:

Form 1: Always take Parasmaipada. Has 2 styles.

  • Form 1, Style 1: Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  apply guс╣Зa to тИЪroot  +  P
  • Form 1, Style 2: Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  тИЪroot  +  рдИ  +   P

Form 2: Always takes ─Аtmanepada.

  • Reduplication (apply guс╣Зa to vowel)  +  тИЪroot  +  рдп   +   ─А
  1. DIFFICULTY: R─Бma cuts the cake badly
  2. DIFFICULTY: Man walks crookedly to doctor.
  3. FREQUENCY: S─лt─Б dances repeatedly for R─Бma.
  4. INTENSITY: R─Бm─Б strongly leads the army.
  1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рдореЛрджрдХрдореН рд▓реЛрд▓реБрдкреНрдпрддреЗ
  2. рдирд░рдГ рд╡реИрджреНрдпрдореН рдЬрдЩреНрдЧрдореНрдпрддреЗ
  3. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рд░рд╛рдорд╛рдп рдирд░реАрдиреГрддреНрдпрддреЗ
  4. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реЗрдирд╛рдореН рдиреЗрдиреАрдпрддреЗ
Denominative
Sanskrit Names: рдирд╛рдордзрд╛рддреБ / рдирд╛рдордзрддрд╡рдГ
  • A noun converted into a verb.  English eg: He hands the cup to me. The sky blackens. Ravana's wisdom didn't blossom.
  • Verb can indicate: He/she/it [1] becomes the noun, [2] acts or behaves like/be similar to the noun, [3] desires the noun, [4] performs/does/produces the noun, [5] regards/treats as the noun, [6] makes into the noun.
  • Final vowel of noun may be adjusted (usual to ─л) or  lengthened. EG: рдкреБрддреНрд░ (son) > рдкреБрддреНрд░реАрдпрддрд┐  (He desires a son).  |  рдЧреЛрдк (cow protector) > рдЧреЛрдкрд╛рдпрддрд┐   (He protects)
  • NOTE: In Classical Sanskrit, ANY noun can join any form of тИЪkс╣Ы 8U or тИЪbh┼л 1P. The noun may have small changes, especially in last letter.
    1. NOUN + тИЪрднреВ 1P = He becomes like a NOUN / He becomes NOUN. EG: рд╕реНрддрдореНрдн + рднрд╡рддрд┐ = рд╕реНрддрдореНрднреАрднрд╡рддрд┐ : He becomes like a post.
    2. NOUN + тИЪрдХреГ 8U = He makes NOUN. EG: рд╕реБрд░рднрд┐ + рдХрд░реЛрддрд┐ = рд╕реБрд░рднреАрдХрд░реЛрддрд┐ : He makes fragrant.
  • Read more.

NOUN STEM  + рдп  +  P/─А [Garden PG4 (43-50)]

  • BECOMES:
    1. The sky blackens(LIT: The sky becomes black.) 
  • ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
    1. R─Бma acts like a king to his father.
    2. Kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa acts like the Lord.
    3. R─Бma protects the good.  (LIT: R─Бma behaves like a cow protector.)
  • DESIRES/WISHES:
    1. R─Бma wishes a son.
    2. Woman wishes a poet / king.
    3. Employee desires a salary.
  • PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
    1. Devotee performs homeage to R─Бma.
    2. I perform austerity.
    3. They are taking long time/delaying to arrive.  (LIT: They are performing/doing long time for arrival.)
  • REGARDS/TREATS:
    1. Guru regards/treats the student as a son.

  • MAKES INTO:
    1. He makes the work easier.
  • BECOMES:
    1. рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢рдГ рдХреГрд╖реНрдгрд╛рдпрддреЗ  (рдХреГрд╖реНрдг : black)
  • ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
    1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рддрд╕реНрдп рдкрд┐рддрд░рдореН рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдпрддреЗ  (рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреН : king)
    2. рдХреГрд╖реНрдгрдГ рдХреГрд╖реНрдгрд╛рдпрддреЗ  (рдХреГрд╖реНрдг  : Lord)
    3. рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕рд╛рдзреБрдореН рдЧреЛрдкрд╛рдпрддрд┐  (рдЧреЛрдк : cow protector)
  • DESIRES/WISHES:
    1. рд░рд╛рдордГ рдкреБрддреНрд░реАрдпрддрд┐
    2. рдирд╛рд░реА рдХрд╡реАрдпрддрд┐ / рд░рд╛рдЬреАрдпрддрд┐
    3. рдХрд░реНрдордХрд░рдГ рд╡реЗрддрдиреАрдпрддрд┐
  • PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
    1. рднрдХреНрддрдГ рд░рд╛рдорд╛рдп рдирдорд╕реНрдпрддрд┐  (рдирдорд╕реН : homeage)
    2. рдЕрд╣рдореН рддрдкрд╕реНрдпрд╛рдорд┐  (рддрдкрд╕реН : austerity)
    3. рддреЗ рдЖрдЧрдордирд╛рдп рдЪрд┐рд░рдпрддрд┐  (рдЪрд┐рд░ : long time)
  • REGARDS/TREATS:
    1. рдЧреБрд░реБрдГ рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдореН рдкреБрддреНрд░реАрдпрддрд┐  (Without denominative: рдЧреБрд░реБрдГ рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдпрдореН рдкреБрддреНрд░рдореН рдЗрд╡ рдЖрдЪрд░рддрд┐ )
  • MAKES INTO:
    1. рд╕ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдореН рд▓рдШрдпрддрд┐  (рд▓рдШреБ : easy)
  COMPOUNDS: (рд╕рдорд╛рд╕)
English: Sanskrit:
General
Info
  • All members are in stem form. Except last member is declined.
    EG: рд╢реБрдХреНрд▓рдирд░рдореН / рдПрди / рдЖрдп
  • For all 4 types, only last member declines.
    EG:  Member1STEM  Member2STEMdeclension

6 RULES:

  • RULE 1:  (only applies to KD > ADJ + NOUN)
    • If 1st member FEM stem ends in: рдЖрдИ тАФ then make it end in: рдЕ
  • RULE 2:
    • If Member1STEM ends in -рдЕрдиреН (EG: рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреН), it loses last рдиреН.
    • If Member2STEM ends in -рдЕрдиреН, then ALWAYS takes [Garden 1] endings. 
      EG:  рдЖрддреНрдордиреНрд░рд╛рдЬрд╛  > рдЖрддреНрдорд░рд╛рдЬрдГ
  • RULE 3:  (only applies to CASE-TP > PRONOUN + NOUN)
    • Treat pronoun's last d  as  t.
  • RULE 4:
    • If Member1STEM ends in рдЛ, then end it in: рдЖ.
      EG: рдорд╛рддреГ + рдкрд┐рддреГ = рдорд╛рддреГрдкрд┐рддрд░реМ  >  рдорд╛рддрд╛рдкрд┐рддрд░реМ  Mother and father.
  • RULE 5:
    • If __рд╕реН рд╕реН__, then change first рд╕реН to рдГ
    • EG: рддрдорд╕реН  рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд  = рддрдордГрд╕реНрдерд┐рдд   Established in darkness.
  • RULE 6:  (only applies to рдЙрдкрдкрдж)   Verb root mayтАж
    1. Lose last letter.
    2. Change long to short vowel (рдЖ > рдЕ).
      • EG: рдпреЛрдЧ + тИЪрд╕реНрдерд╛ = рдпреЛрдЧрд╕реНрде
    3. Add тАШtтАШ  (Declines like [Garden 23]).   EG:
      • рдЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ тИЪрдЬрд┐  рдЗрдиреНрджреНрд░рдЬрд┐рддреН  
        (conqueror of Indra)
      • рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдо +  тИЪрд╡рд┐рджреН  =  рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдорд╡рд┐рддреН 
        (knower of brahman)
      • рддрд░рддрд┐ рд╢реЛрдХрдореН рдЖрддреНрдорд╡рд┐рддреН  (The knower of the Self overcomes sorrow.) тАУ C.U. 7.1.3

 

 

1. рджреНрд╡рдиреНрджреНрд╡

All members important. 

2 types.

  • General:
    • 2 members: Last member declines in dual. 
    • 3+ members: Last member declines in plural.
  • 2 categories.
  • CATEGORY 1: рдЗрддрд░реЗрддрд░  :
    • X and Y“.
    • How to know if it's saying “Men, sons and sages / Man, son and sage”? Context tells.
  • CATEGORY 2: рд╕рдорд╛рд╣рд╛рд░   :
    • Used mostly for opposites (EG: hot/cold).
    • Can also use like рдЗрддрд░реЗрддрд░. 1
    • Always NEUTER, SINGLE. 2
      • Choose closest paradigm for Member2.   EG: If рдирджреА, then choose closest NEUTER paradigm that ends in рдИ. Since there isn't one, resort to short рдЗ  (Garden 11).

CATEGORY 1:

  1. S─лt─Б and R─Бma go.
  2. Man, son and sage.
  3. elf and king

CATEGORY 2:

  1. Happiness and suffering.
  2. Of action and of inaction.
  3. With the horse, elephant and army. 1

 

  1. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рд░рд╛рдордГ рдЪ рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрдГ  >  рд╕реАрддрд╛рд░рд╛рдореМ рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрдГ
  2. рдирд░рдГ рдкреБрддреНрд░рдГ рдореБрдирд┐рдГ рдЪ        > рдирд░рдкреБрддреНрд░рдореБрдирдпрдГ
  3. рдЖрддреНрдорд╛ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдЪ           >  рдЖрддреНрдорд░рд╛рдЬреМ    RULE 2

 

  1. рд╕реБрдЦрдореН рджреБрдГрдЦрдореН рдЪ         > рд╕реБрдЦрджреБрдГрдЦрдореН
  2. рдХрд░реНрдордгрдГ рдЕрдХрд░реНрдордгрдГ рдЪ    > рдХрд░реНрдорд╛рдХрд░реНрдорд╕реНрдп
  3. рдЕрд╢реНрд╡реЗрди рдЧрдЬреЗрди рд╕реЗрдирдпрд╛ рдЪ  > рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рдЧрдЬрд╕реЗрдиреЗрди  2

2. рддрддреНрдкреБрд░реБрд╖  (TP)

Last member more important. Meaning, if first member was missing, sentence would still makes sense.

8 types.

1) рд╡реНрдпрдзрд┐рдХрд░рдг-рддрддреНрдкреБрд░реБрд╖  (Case-tp)   (Son of R─Бma: рд░рд╛рдордкреБрддреНрд░рдГ)

  • 2 Categories.

CATEGORY 1: (a) Case-tp: Whatever the case of the FIRST member, is the name of the compound. (b) Case-tp-ppp (past passive participle).

    • Examples for Context:
      • INST-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: рд╢рд░рд╣рдд : Killed by an arrow | рджреЗрд╡рджрддреНрдд : Given by God | рдЬрд▓рдкреВрд░реНрди : Filled by water.
        2. ENGLISH: Trainride (ride by a train) | Swordfight (fight by a sword) | Manmade (made by man).
      • DAT-tp:
          1. SANSKRIT: рдлрд▓рдЧрдд : Come for fruit | рдХрдкрд┐рдЬрд▓рдореН : Water for monkeys.
          2. ENGLISH: Firewood (wood for fire) | Teaspoon (spoon for tea) | Handtowel (towel for hand).
      • ABL-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣рднрдпрдореН : Fear from lions | рд╡рдирдкреБрд╖реНрдкрдореН : Flower from the forest | рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧрдкрддрд┐рдд : Fallen from heaven.
        2. ENGLISH: Orangejuice (juice from orange) | Sunlight (light from sun) | Airtight (tight from air).
      • GEN-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: рд░рд╛рдорджреВрддрдГ : Messenger of R─Бma | рд░рд╛рдЬрдкреБрддреНрд░рдГ : Son of the king (prince).
        2. ENGLISH: Doorbell (bell of door) | Seashore (shore of the sea) | Birthday (day of birth) | Necklace (lace of the neck)
      • LOC-tp:
        1. SANSKRIT: рдЬрд▓рдЪрд░рдГ : Mover in the water (fish) | рдпреБрджреНрдзрд╕рдорд░реНрде : Capable in battle.
        2. ENGLISH: Earring (ring of ear) | Homework (work of home) | Wristwatch (watch of the wrist).
  • CATEGORY 2: Pronoun + Noun: Apply Rule 3.

CATEGORY 1:

  1. acc-tp: Townacc goneppp   (Gone to town).
  2. acc-tp: S─лt─Б speaks to the soldier in the army.
  3. inst-tp: Seenppp by the teacher.
  4. dat-tp: Room for meditation.
  5. abl-tp: Fallenppp from heaven.
  6. gen-tp: Messenger of R─Бma.
  7. loc-tp:  I see a boy at the bank of the river.

CATEGORY 2: PRONOUN + NOUN: RULE 3

    1. My boy.
    2. Your girl.
    3. My mom.
    4. His man.

 

  1. рдирдЧрд░рдЧрдд  (adj)
  2. рд╕реАрддрд╛ рд╕реЗрдирд╛рд╕реИрдирд┐рдХрдореН рд▓рдкрддрд┐
  3. рдЧреБрд░реБрджреГрд╖реНрдЯ  (adj)
  4. рдзреНрдпрд╛рдирд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛
  5. рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧрдкрддрд┐рдд (adj)
  6. рд░рд╛рдорджреВрддрдГ
  7. рдирджреАрддрдЯреЗ рдмрд╛рд▓рдореН рдкрд╢реНрдпрд╛рдорд┐

 

  1. рдордо рдмрд╛рд▓рдГ      >  рдорджреНрдмрд╛рд▓рдГ
  2. рддрд╡ рдХрдиреНрдпрд╛      > рддреНрд╡рддреНрдХрдиреНрдпрд╛
  3. рдорджреН + рдорд╛рддрд╛    >  рдордиреНрдорд╛рддрд╛   (рддреН + рдореН = рдиреН)
  4. рддрджреН + рдкреБрд░реБрд╖рдГ   >  рддрддреНрдкреБрд░реБрд╖рдГ  (рддреН + рдкреН = рддреН)

2) рдХрд░реНрдордзрд╛рд░рдп (kd)   (White garland: рд╢реБрдХреНрд▓рдорд╛рд▓рд╛)

  • 2 Categories.
  • CATEGORY 1: ADJ + Noun: First member DESCRIBES last member.
    • ENGLISH EG: Madman, Blackbird, Girlfriend.
  • CATEGORY 2: Noun + Noun/PPP: EG: Silkworm, Football, Seahorse.

CATEGORY 1: ADJ + NOUN:

  1. White garland.
  2. Virtuous army.
  3. Beautiful little cow.
  4. By the poor person.

CATEGORY 2:  NOUN + NOUN/PPP:

  1. Earth hole.
  2. I rest (by the riverbank).
  3. Welldone.

 

  1. рд╢реБрдХреНрд▓рд╛ (mf[─Б]n) рдорд╛рд▓рд╛   >   рд╢реБрдХреНрд▓рдорд╛рд▓рд╛  RULE 1
  2. рдзрд░реНрдорд┐рдХреА (mf[─Б]n) рд╕реЗрдирд╛   >  рдзрд░реНрдорд┐рдХрд╕реЗрдирд╛   RULE 1
  3. рд╕реБрдиреНрджрд░реА рдЕрд▓реНрдкрд╛ рдзреЗрдиреБрдГ        >  рд╕реБрдиреНрджрд░рд╛рд▓реНрдкрдзреЗрдиреБрдГ
  4. рджрд░рд┐рджреНрд░рдЬрдиреЗрди

 

  1. рднреВрдорд┐рдГ рдмрд┐рд▓рдореН  >  рднреВрдорд┐рдмрд┐рд▓рдореН
  2. рдирджреАрддрдЯреЗрди рд╢реНрд░рдпреЗ
  3. рд╕реБрдХреГрдд  (PPP)

3) рдЙрдкрдкрдж (tpu)    (Standing in purity: рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╕реНрдердГ)

    • ADJ.
    • Subject to Rule 6.
    • FORMULA: Member1 + тИЪroot + (Garden #1-2).
    • EG: рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡ + тИЪрд╕реНрдерд╛ = рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╕реНрде  |  рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ + тИЪрдЬреНрдЮ = рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮ
  1. Man established in purity.
  2. Woman standing in purity.
  3. Kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa and R─Бma are knowers of the scriptures.
  4. Men are born of attachment to objects.
  5. Knower of Brahman.
  1. рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╕реНрдердГ рдирд░рдГ
  2. рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдирд╛рд░реА
  3. рдХреГрд╖реНрдирд░рд╛рдореМ рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮреМ рд╕реНрддрдГ
  4. рдЬрдирд╛рдГ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╕рдЩреНрдЧрдЬрд╛рдГ рд╕рдиреНрддрд┐  (рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╛рдГ + рд╕рдЩреНрдЧрд╕реНрдп + тИЪрдЬрдиреН)
  5. рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдорд╡рд┐рддреН  (рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдо + тИЪрд╡рд┐рджреН)   RULE 6

4) рдирдЮреН / рд╕рдорд╛рд╕рди    (рдзрд░реНрдо / рдЕрдзрд░реНрдо)

    • Turns noun into antonym/negative/opposite. Can't apply to verbs.
    • Add рдЕ prefix to: Adj, Nouns, Gerunds. Use рдЕрдиреН when joining to vowels (EG: uncomfortable, unending).
  1. NOUN: Knowledge / ignorance.
  2. NOUN: Self / Not-self.
  3. GERUND: Having come / having not come.
  4. COMPOUND: Action / non-action.
  1. рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛  /  рдЕрд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛
  2. рдЖрддреНрдорд╛ / рдЕрдирд╛рддреНрдорд╛
  3. рдЧрддреНрд╡рд╛  рдЕрдЧрддреНрд╡рд╛
  4. рдХрд░реНрдо рдЕрдХрд░реНрдо  >  рдХрд░реНрдорд╛рдХрд░реНрдо 

5) рдкреНрд░рд╛рджрд┐

    • Prefix (P─Бс╣Зini's 20 major prefixes: рдЕрддрд┐, рдЕрдзрд┐, рдЕрдиреБ, рдЕрдк, рдЕрдкрд┐, рдЕрднрд┐, рдЕрд╡, рдЖ, рдЙрджреН, рдЙрдк, рджреБрд╕реН, рдирд┐, рдирд┐рд╕реН, рдкрд░рд╛, рдкрд░рд┐, рдкреНрд░, рдкреНрд░рддрд┐, рд╡рд┐, рд╕рдореН, рд╕реБ)  +  noun.
    • Used as Adj/Noun.
  1. After sound.
  1. рдЕрдиреБ + рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд░ = рдЕрдиреБрд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд░

6) рдЧрддрд┐

    • Prefix (any indeclinable word; not limited to 20 prefixes like in рдкреНрд░рд╛рджрд┐)  +  noun.
    • Used as Adj/Noun.
  1. Inner ruler (soul)
  1. рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реН + рдпрд╛рдорд┐рдиреН = рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрдпрд╛рдорд┐рдиреН

7) рдЙрдкрдорд╛рди     (Dear like a friend: рдорд┐рддреНрд░рдкреНрд░рд┐рдп)

    • Produces a comparison / simile. Member2 like Member1.
    • Noun + Adj.
    • ENGLISH EG: Lifelong (long like life) | Icecold (cold like ice) | Skindeep (deep like skin).
  1. Skyblue (Blue like the sky).
  2. Frienddear (Dear like a friend).
  3. Moonface (Moonlike face) (Face like the moon).
  1. рдЧрдЧрдирдиреАрд▓  (adj)
  2. рдорд┐рддреНрд░рдкреНрд░рд┐рдп  (adj)
  3. рдЪрдиреНрджреНрд░рдореБрдЦрдГ  (adj)

8) рджреНрд╡рд┐рдЧреБ     (Bicycle: рджреНрд╡рд┐рдЪрдХреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛)

    • Number + Noun. Always end in Neuter, Singular.
    • ENGLISH EG: Bicycle, Triangle.
  1. Three worlds.
  2. Three guс╣З─Бs.
  3. The four ages.
  1. рддреНрд░рд┐рд▓реЛрдХрдореН 
  2. рддреНрд░реИрдЧреБрдгреНрдп 
  3. рдЪрддреБрд░реНрдпреБрдЧрдореН

3. рдмрд╣реБрд╡реНрд░реАрд╣рд┐  (BV)

All members important.

  • FORMULA: One whose Member2 is Member1.
  • Implied meaning.  EG:
    • Harry was a Redcoat>   Harry is one whose coat is red.   >   Harry is a British solider. (implied)
    • рдмрд╣реБ : much. рд╡реНрд░реАрд╣рд┐ : rice > One who has much rice > Farmer (or) Wealthy Merchant.
  • Ends in a NOUN, but used as ADJ.
  • BV is describing something OUTSIDE the compound. Or it speaks of something that RELATES to the BV. Meaning, last member will take declension of the noun it's describing. Meaning last member may NOT follow it's own paradigm declension.
  • In case where last member is using foreign declensions, pick the paradigm that's closest to it's family. EG: Garden 1, 2  |  3, 4, 5  |  9, 10, 11  |  etcтАж
  • TIP: If last member is using foreign declensions, it's a BV!
  1. A redhead. (One whose face/head is red.)
  2. (He whose mind is pure) obtains both prosperity and happiness.
  3. Skill in this world is obtained (by one having an established intellect).
  4. Whose intellect is steady, he is steadyintellect.
  5. Man (whose girl is beautiful). / Man (with a beautiful girl).
  6. Woman (is one whose neck is long). /  
    Woman (has a long neck).
  7. One whose form is beautiful.  /  Woman who has a beautiful form.
  8. “I am a recluse/sannyasi (one whose home is abandoned) “, said the sage.
  1. рдХрдиреНрдпрд╛ рд░рд╛рдЧрдореБрдЦрд╛ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐
    NOTICE: рдореБрдЦ is neuter. But it takes on рдХрдиреНрдпрд╛ (fem) paradigm.
  2. рд╕рддреНрддреНрд╡рдордирд╛рдГ  (N, Garden 6 > MAS, Garden 6)  рдЙрднреЗ рдХреМрд╢рд▓рдореН рд╕реБрдЦрдореН рдЪ рд▓рднрддреЗ
  3. рдХреМрд╢рд▓рдореН рдЗрд╣ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐рдирд╛ (FEM, Garden 10 > MAS, Garden 9)  рд▓рднреНрдпрддреЗ
  4. рдпрд╕реНрдп рдкреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮрд╛ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд╛  рд╕ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрдкреНрд░рдЬреНрдЮрдГ
  5. рдирд░рдГ рд╕реБрдиреНрджрд░рдХрдиреНрдпрдГ
  6. рджреАрд░реНрдШрдЧреНрд░реАрд╡рд╛ рдирд╛рд░реА
  7. рд╕реБрдиреНрджрд░рд░реВрдкрд╛
  8. рдЕрд╣рдореН рддреНрдпрдХреНрддрдЧреГрд╣рдГ рдЗрддрд┐ рдореБрдирд┐рдГ рдЕрд╡рджрддреН

4. рдЕрд╡реНрдпрдпреАрднрд╛рд╡

  • 2 Constructions:
    • Indeclinable/prefix noun 
    • Adverb noun
  • Used as: (a) adverb (declines like ADJ)  (b) indeclinable  (c) neuter.
  1. Every/each night.
  2. Behind the chariots.
  3. Concerning the self.
  4. Adverb + noun: According to the teacher.
  5. Lifelong (as far as life).
  1. рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдирд┐рд╢рдореН (ind/neuter) рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░рд╛рддреНрд░рд┐  (neuter, nom)
  2. рдЕрдиреБрд░рдердореН  (ind)
  3. рдЕрдзрд┐ + рдЖрддреНрдо > рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдо  (adv)
  4. рдпрдерд╛рдЧреБрд░реБ  (adv)
  5. рдпрд╛рд╡рдЬреНрдЬреАрд╡рдореН  (ind)
PREFIXES: (рдЙрдкрд╕рд░реНрдЧрдГ)
ABOUT
  • Slightly modifies the nominal/verb, or gives it direction.  EG:
    • NOUNS: underground, overseas, overweight, underwear, triangle, submarine.
    • VERBS: рд╡рджрддрд┐ : He speaks  >  рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╡рджрддрд┐: He replies (IE: He speaks back)
  • RULES:
    • Noun's vowel may take guс╣Зa. EG: рд╕реБ + рдмреБрджреНрдз = рд╕реБрдмреЛрджреНрдз.
    • Sandhi Changes: Final рд╕реН of рдирд┐рд╕реН and рджреБрд╕реН may sandhi change to: рд░реН, рдГ, рд╖реН.
      EG: рдирд┐рдГрд╕реНрдкреГрд╣, рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд╛рдо
  • Applying to VERBS:
    • Most have indistinguishable change, but few change verb totally.
    • Prefix determines if verb takes Parasmaipada or ─Аtmanepada ending. Dictionary will tell.
  • Applying to GERUNDS:
    • If gerund starts with prefix, then end it with рдп, and not рддреНрд╡рд╛.
    • EG: рдЖ + тИЪрдЧрдореН = рдЖрдЧрддреНрдп (Having come)   VS. тИЪрдЧрдореН = рдЧрддреНрд╡рд╛ (Having gone)
  • Applying to IMPERFECT: Order:  Prefix + рдЕ + verb
LIST
  • рдЖ : [motion towards], back, return, to, fully.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate opposite meaning OR from and till.
    • EG: рдЖрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐  : He approaches (goes towards). рдЖрдЬрдиреНрдо (ind): from  |  рдЖрдорд░рдгрдореН (ind): till death.
  • рдЕрдзрд┐ : above, over, on.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШaboveтАЩ.
    • EG: рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдо (n): Self that is above all / pertaining to the Self.  | рдЕрдзрд┐рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He attains (goes above [obstacles]).  |  рд╡рдХреНрддреГ (adj): speaker  >  рдЕрдзрд┐рд╡рдХреНрддреГ (adj): advocate.
  • рдЕрдиреБ : after, following, along with.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show following something or someone.
    • EG: рдЕрдиреБрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He follows (goes after).
  • рдЕрдк : away, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used in a negative shade OR to tell that something is far away.
    • EG: рдЕрдкрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He goes away.  рдЕрдкрд╣рд░рддрд┐ : He carries off (takes away).  рдЕрдкрд╛рди : downward breath.  |  рдЕрдкрдХреБрд░реБрддреЗ : He injures [negative shade]
  • рдЕрдкрд┐ : on, close upon. *RARE
    • EG: рдЕрдкрд┐рд╣рд┐рдд : covered (placed into).
  • рдЕрднрд┐ : to [motion towards], against, over, upon *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ. Similar to prefix рдкреНрд░рддрд┐.
    • EG: рдЕрднрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЦрддрд┐ : He draws (writes upon). рдЕрднреНрдпрдЩреНрдЧ : rubbing against.  |  рдЕрднрд┐рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He goes towards.
  • рдЕрддрд┐ : across, beyond, surpassing, past.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show the excess of something.
    • EG: рдЕрддреАрдиреНрджреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдирд┐ : Beyond senses. |  рдЕрддреНрдпрдиреНрдд : beyond end (infinite).  |  рдЕрддрд┐рд╡рд╛рдж (mas): argument [excess speech].
  • рдЕрд╡ : down, down into, through, away, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate down.
    • EG: рдЕрд╡рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He goes down рдЕрд╡рддрд╛рд░ : crossing/descends down.
  • рджреБрд╕реН : ill, bad, difficult, hard.
    • ABOUT: Often used to indicate a negative meaning and hardness or difficulty.
    • EG: рджреБрд╖реНрдХреГрдд: badly done. |  рджреБрдГрдЦ : suffering.  |  рджреБрд░реНрд▓рдн (adj): hard to obtain.
  • рдирд┐ : down, into.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШdownтАЩ.
    • EG: рдирд┐рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдкрддрд┐ : He throws down. |  рдирд┐рд╡рд╕рддрд┐ : He inhabits (lives in)  |  рдирд┐рдпреЛрдЬреНрдп : servant.
  • рдирд┐рд╕реН : out from, forth, without, entirely. *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense of out.
    • EG: рдирд┐рд░реНрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He exists (goes out). рдирд┐рд╕реНрддреНрд░реИрдЧреБрдгреНрдп : without 3 guс╣Зas.
  • рдкрд░рд╛ : away, forth, along, off.
    • ABOUT: Often used to show the OPPOSITE of something.
    • EG: рдЬрдпрддреЗ : He wins  рдкрд░рд╛рдЬрдпрддреЗ : He loses.
  • рдкрд░рд┐ : around, about. *COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШaroundтАЩ.
    • EG: рдкрд░рд┐рдирдпрддрд┐ : He marries (leads around [wife was led around fire 7x]).  |  рдкрд░рд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕рдГ : joke (laugh about).  |  рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди (n): change, reformation [to exist in state of moving around].
  • рдкреНрд░ : forward, onward, towards, forth. *VERY COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used to emphasize on the meaning of a particular root. EG: рдкреНрд░ + тИЪрдирдореН  :  рдЕрд╣рдореН рдЧреБрд░реБрдореН рдкреНрд░рдгрдорд╛рдорд┐ : I bow to guru.
    • EG: рдкреНрд░рд╣рд╕рддрд┐ : He ridicules (laughs at) рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддрд┐ : nature  |  рдкреНрд░рд╛рдг : vital breath.
  • рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ : towards / back to (in reverse direction, against, in opposition to) / every__, each [EG: рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░рд╛рддреНрд░рд┐ : each night]  /  in presence of (before).
    • ABOUT: Similar to “re“, like, “return, reverse”. Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ. Similar to prefix рдЕрднрд┐. Also used in a reciprocating sense.
    • EG: рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He returns (goes back to). | рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд╛рди (n): reimbursement, refund.  |  рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрд╛рд╣рд╛рд░ : food from reverse direction.  рд╕ рдореГрдЧрдореН (рд╡рдирдореН рдкреНрд░рддрд┐) рдЕрдиреНрд╡рдЧрдЪреНрдЪрддреН : He followed the dear (back to the forest).  |  рджреНрд░реМрдкрджреА рджреБрд░реНрдпреЛрдзрдирдореН рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдЖрдиреАрддрд╛ : Draupadi was brought (in presence of / before) Duryodhana.
  • рд╕рдореН : together, completely.
    • ABOUT: Similar to Greek “symphony”. Often used to show being together or togetherness.
    • EG: рд╕рдВрджрдзрд╛рддрд┐ : He joins (places together) | рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрдд : put together.  |  рд╕рдВрддреБрд╖реНрдЯ : completely pleased.
  • рд╕реБ : well, good, right, easy, very.
    • ABOUT: Same as feel-good “euphoria”. Often used to express a positive tone in the word.
    • EG: рд╕реБрдХреГрдд : well-done |  рд╕реБрдЦрдореН : happiness (good space).
  • рдЙрддреН / рдЙрджреН : up, upwards, up out.
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШupтАЩ or тАШaboveтАЩ.
    • EG: рдЙрддреНрддрд┐рд╖реНрдарддрд┐ : He stands up. |  рдЙрджрд╛рди : upward breath.
  • рдЙрдк : towards, near, up to, [subordinate].
    • ABOUT: Often used in the sense, тАШtowardsтАЩ.
    • EG: рдЙрдкрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : He approaches (goes towards / up to). | рдЙрдкрдиреЗрддреНрд░рдореН : spectacles (up to the eye). |  рдЙрдкрдХрд░реЛрддрд┐ : He helps [does towards everyone].
  • рд╡рд┐ : outward, separation, apart, away, out, into pieces, departing. *VERY COMMON
    • ABOUT: Often used to show opposition to a meaning OR to enhance the meaning.
    • EG: рд╡рд┐рддрд┐рд╖реНрдарддрд┐ : He stands apart  |  рд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдк : indecision  |  рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрдорд░рддрд┐ : He forgets (separates from memory).  |  рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢ (mas): foreign land. [shows opposition]    |  рдиреГрдкрдГ рдпреБрджреНрдзреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЬрдпрддреЗ :  King is winning in the warрд╡рд┐ has enhanced meaning of рдЬрдпрддреЗ.
SUFFIXES: (рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдпрдГ)

2 kinds of suffixesтАж

1. PRIMARY SUFFIXES (рдХреГрддреН рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдп)
  • ABOUT:
    • Total 6.
    • Formula: original/guс╣Зa/vс╣ЫddhiтИЪroot  +  primary suffix.  
      • EG:
        • Root doesn't change:             тИЪрдЪрд┐рдиреНрддреН 10U: think      >   рдЪрд┐рдиреНрддрд╛ (f): thought.
        • Root strengthens to guс╣Зa:    тИЪрд╡рд┐рджреН 2P: to know     >   рд╡реЗрдж (m): knowledge.
        • Root strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi:  тИЪрддреНрдпрдЬреН 1P: abandon  >   рддреНрдпрд╛рдЧ (m): renunciation.
  • LIST:
    • рдЕ :
      • Most important.
      • Forms mostly MAS nouns.
      • RULE: If root ends in рдЪреН / рдЬреН, becomes: рдХреН / рдЧреН.
      • EG:
        • тИЪрднреВ 1P: be                 > рднрд╛рд╡ (m): condition, state
        • тИЪрдЧреНрд░рд╣реН 9P: hold           > рдЧреНрд░рд╣ (m): planet
        • тИЪрдЬреАрд╡реН 1P: live            > рдЬреАрд╡ (m): living being
        • тИЪрдЬрд┐ 1P: conquer     > рдЬрдп (m): victory
        • тИЪрддреД 1P: cross            > рддрд╛рд░ (m): crossing  | рдЕрд╡рддрд╛рд░ (m): one who crosses down
        • тИЪрд╕реГрдЬреН 6P: create       > рд╕рд░реНрдЧ (m): creation
        • тИЪрддреНрдпрдЬреН 1P: abandon  > рддреНрдпрд╛рдЧ (m): renunciation
        • тИЪрдпреБрдЬреН 7U: unite         > рдпреЛрдЧ (m): union
    • рдЖ / рддрд┐ :
      • Forms FEM nouns.
      • EG:
        • тИЪрднрд╛рд╖реН 1─А: speak        > рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ (f): speech
        • тИЪрдЪрд┐рдиреНрддреН 10U: think      > рдЪрд┐рдиреНрддрд╛ (f): thought
        • тИЪрд╣рдиреН 2P: kill               > рд╣рд┐рдВрд╕рд╛ (f): injury
        • тИЪрд╕реЗрд╡реН 1─А: serve          > рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ (f): service
        • тИЪрдмреБрдзреН 1U: know         > рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐ (f): intellect
        • тИЪрджреГрд╢реН 1P: see             > рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐ (f): sight
        • тИЪрдЧрдореН 1P: go               > рдЧрддрд┐ (f): path
        • тИЪрдЬрдиреН 4─А: be born     > рдЬрд╛рддрд┐ (f): birth
        • тИЪрдордиреН 4─А: think          > рдорддрд┐ (f): thought
        • тИЪрдореБрдЪреН 6U: release      > рдореБрдХреНрддрд┐ (f): liberation
        • тИЪрд╕реГрдЬреН 6P: create        > рд╕реГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐ (f): creation
    • рдЕрди / рдЕрд╕реН / рдордиреН :
      • Forms NEUTER nouns.
      • EG:
        • тИЪрдЖрд╕реН 2─А: sit          > рдЖрд╕рди (n): seat
        • тИЪрджрд╛ 3U: give          > рджрд╛рди (n): giving
        • тИЪрдЧрдореН 1P: go            > рдЧрдорди (n): going
        • тИЪрдХреГ 8U: do             > рдХрд░рдг (n) means of action
        • тИЪрд╢реНрд░реБ 5P: hear           > рд╢реНрд░рд╡рдг (n): hearing
        • тИЪрд╕реНрдерд╛ 3P: stand       > рд╕реНрдерд╛рди (n): standing, place
        • тИЪрд╡рдЪреН 2P: speak       > рд╡рдЪрди (n): speech
        • тИЪрддрдкреН 10U: heat       > рддрдкрд╕реН (n): austerity
        • тИЪрдордиреН 4─А: think        > рдордирд╕реН (n): mind
        • тИЪрд╡рдЪреН 2P: speak      > рд╡рдЪрд╕реН (n): speech
        • тИЪрдмреГрд╣реН 1P: expand     > рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдордиреН (n): the Absolute
        • тИЪрд╣реБ 3P: offer            > рд╣реЛрдордиреН (n): sacrifice
        • тИЪрдЬрдиреН 4─А: be born   > рдЬрдиреНрдордиреН (n): birth
        • тИЪрдХреГ 8U: do              > рдХрд░реНрдордиреН (n): action
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES (рддрджреНрдзрд┐рдд рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдп)
  • ABOUT:
    • Formula: STEM  secondary suffix.
    • Forms NOUNS or ADJ.
    • When word stands alone, acts as NOUN. When before a noun, acts as ADJ.
    • RULE:  First vowel/syllable in STEM often strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi grade. Example when strengthens to vс╣Ыddhi: рддреНрд░рд┐рдЧреБрдг > рддреНрд░реИрдЧреБрдгреНрдп.   In other cases, remains the same. Example when remains the same: рд╕рддреН > рд╕рддреНрдп  (instead of: рд╕рд╛рддреНрдп).
  • LIST:

Indicates: POSSESSION

      • рдЗрдиреН :
        • Formula: STEM  рдЗрдиреН  =  possessing (or) having ___.  figurative (implied).
        • Decline per (Garden #15-16).
        • RULES:
          • Remove final vowel if present.  EG: рдЕрд╢реНрд╡  [(m): horse]  +   рдЗрдиреН  =  рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдиреН  [(adj): charioteer (possessing a horse)].
          • If STEM ends in -рдЕрд╕реН, add рд╡рд┐рдиреН / рдорд┐рдиреН.
            • EG:
              • рддрдкрд╕реН  (n): austerity  >  рддрдкрд╕реНрд╡рд┐рдиреН  (adj): possessing austerity.
              • рддреЗрдЬрд╕реН  (n): light         >  рддреЗрдЬрд╕реНрд╡рд┐рдиреН  (adj): possessing light.
        • EG:
          • рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди (n): knowledge  >   рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд┐рдиреН (adj): wise person (possessed of knowledge), intelligent.
          • рдкрдХреНрд╖ (m): wing             >   рдкрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдиреН (adj): bird.
          • рджрдгреНрдб (m): stick             рджрдгреНрдбрд┐рдиреН (adj): recluse (ascetic).
      • рдорддреНрдордиреНрддреН / рд╡рддреНрд╡рдиреНрддреН :
        • Possessing __ OR  Full of __  OR  Having __.   
          • EG: truthful (possessing truth / full of truth / having truth)
        • Formula: Same concept as рдЗрдиреН.
        • Decline per (Garden PG3 #31-32).
        • When to use рдорддреН / рд╡рддреН ?
          • If noun ends in рдЕ / рдЖ : use рд╡рддреН.   EG: рд╕реБрдЦрд╡рддреН (adj): possessed of happiness.
          • Other vowels/consonants, use рдорддреН / рд╡рддреН interchangeably.   EG: рдордиреАрд╖рд╛ рд╢реНрд░реАрдорддрдГ рдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдирдГ рдЖрдЧрдЪреНрдЫрддрд┐ : Wisdom comes from a radiant yog─л.
        • EG:
          • рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐ (f): intelligence  рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐рдорддреН (adj): wisdom (possessed of intelligence), wise person.
          • рд╕реАрддрд╛ рд╕реБрдЦрд╡рддреА рднрд╡рддрд┐       >  S─лt─Б becomes full of happiness / filled with happiness.

Indicates: PAST TENSE

      • рддрд╡рддреН :
        • Identical to Past Participle.
        • EG: рдЧрдд (ppp): was gone   >   рдЧрддрд╡рддреН (past participle): went   >   рдирд░рдГ рд╡рдирдореН рдЧрддрд╡рд╛рдиреН : Man went to the forest.

Indicates: STATE OF BEING

      • рддреНрд╡ (n) / рддрд╛ (f):
        • Equivalent to: happiness, manhood, nobility.
        • Formula: Same concept as рдЗрдиреН.
        • Decline per (Garden #1 [NEUTER], #2).
        • EG:
          • рдЕрдореГрдд (adj): immortal  рдЕрдореГрддрддреНрд╡ (n): immortality
          • рджреЗрд╡ (adj): heavenly      >  рджреЗрд╡рджреЗрд╡рддрд╛ (f): divinity
          • рдордзреБрд░ (adj): sweet         рдордзреБрд░рддрд╛ (f): sweetness
          • рдирд┐рддреНрдп (adj): eternal       рдирд┐рддреНрдпрддреНрд╡ (n): eternity
          • рд╕рдо (adj): even            >  рд╕рдорддреНрд╡ (n): evenness, equanimity
          • рд╢реВрдиреНрдп (adj): empty        рд╢реВрдиреНрдпрддрд╛ (f): emptiness

Indicates: RELATING TO

      • рдп / рдЗрдп :
        • Pertaining/Relating/Belonging to OR Deriving from __.
        • Formula: Same concept as рдЗрдиреН.
        • Decline per (Garden #1-2).
        • RULE:  If STEM ends with vowel, remove it before adding рдп.   EG: рд╡реАрд░ > рд╡реАрд░реНрдп (adj): heroism (relating to a hero)
        • EG: 
          • рдЕрджрд┐рддрд┐ (f): Aditi                   >  рдЖрджрд┐рддреНрдп (m): descendent of Aditi, sun.
          • рджрдиреНрдд (m): tooth                   >  рджрдиреНрддреНрдп (adj): dental.                           
          • рдХрд╡рд┐ (m): poet                    >  рдХрд╛рд╡реНрдп (n): poetry  (related to a poet)
          • рдХреНрд╖рддреНрд░ (n): might                    >  рдХреНрд╖рддреНрд░рд┐рдп (m): kс╣гatriya (warrior).
          • рдордзреБ (m): honey                  >  рдордзрд╡реНрдп  (adj): consisting of honey.
          • рддреНрд░рд┐рдЧреБрдг (n): the 3 qualities  >  рддреНрд░реИрдЧреБрдгреНрдп (adj): Relating to the 3 qualities.
          • рдкрдгреНрдбрд┐рдд (adj): learned         >  рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбрд┐рддреНрдп (n): skillfulness.
          • рд╕рддреН (n): existence              >  рд╕рддреНрдп (n): truth  (relating to existence)
          • рд╕рдо (adj): even                   >  рд╕рд╛рдореНрдп (n): equanimity.
          • рд╕реЛрдо (m): soma                   >  рд╕реМрдореНрдп (n): belonging to soma.
          • рд╡реАрд░ (m): hero                      >  рд╡реАрд░реНрдп (n): heroism.
2. MORE SECONDARY SUFFIXES (рддрджреНрдзрд┐рдд)
  • LIST:
    • рдЕ :
      • Indicates: belonging to __.
      • Shows connection, such as family descent, or abstraction.
      • Often, the рдЕ replaces the STEM'S final рдЕ, so don't really see this suffix in action.
      • EG:
        • рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдордиреН (n): brahman  >  рдмреНрд░рд╛рд╣реНрдордг (adj): a brahman (priest/caste)
        • рдордирд╕реН (n): mind         рдорд╛рдирд╕ (adj): mental.
        • рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ (m): P─Бс╣Зс╕Нu      > рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбрд╡ (m): descendant of P─Бс╣Зс╕Нu.
        • рдкреБрддреНрд░ (m): son              >  рдкреМрддреНрд░ (m): grandchild.
        • рд╢рд┐рд╡ (m): ┼Ъiva            рд╢реИрд╡ (adj): belonging to ┼Ъiva.
    • рдПрдп :
      • Indicates: descent from __  /  pertaining to __.
      • Always takes vс╣Ыddhi.
      • EG:
        • рдХреБрдиреНрддреА (f): Kunt─л     >  рдХреМрдиреНрддреЗрдп (m): son of Kunti (Arjuna).
        • рдкреБрд░реБрд╖ (m): man     >  рдкреМрд░реБрд╖реЗрдп (adj): human.
        • рдЛрд╖рд┐ (m): sage     >  рдЖрд░реНрд╖реЗрдп (adj): pertaining to a с╣Ыс╣гi.
    • рдХ / рдЗрдХ :
      • Indicates: pertaining/referring to __   /   smallness.
      • EG:
        • рдЕрд╢реНрд╡ (m): horse        рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рдХ (m): colt.
        • рдЕрдзрд┐рднреВрдд (n): object  >  рдЖрдзрд┐рднреМрддрд┐рдХ (adj): physical.
        • рдЕрдзрд┐рджреЗрд╡ (n): mind    >  рдЖрдзрд┐рджреИрд╡рд┐рдХ (adj): pertaining to the mind.
        • рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдо (n): Self       >  рдЖрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдорд┐рдХ (adj): relating to Self.
        • рдЕрдиреНрдд (m): end          >  рдЕрдиреНрддрдХ (m): death.
        • рдзрд░реНрдо (m): law             рдзрд╛рд░реНрдорд┐рдХ (adj): virtuous.
        • рдордо (pro): my           >  рдорд╛рдордХ (adj): mine.
        • рдиреНрдпрд╛рдп (m): logic         >  рдиреИрдпрд╛рдпрд┐рдХ (m): knower of Ny─Бya.
        • рдкреБрддреНрд░ (m): son             >  рдкреБрддреНрд░рдХ (m): little/small son.
        • рд╡реЗрдж (m): Veda           рд╡реИрджрд┐рдХ (adj): relating to Veda.
    • рдордп / рдордпреА [f] :
      • Indicates: made of __, filled with __.
      • No guс╣Зa changes.
      • EG:
        • рдЖрдирдиреНрдж (m): joy                рдЖрдирдиреНрджрдордп (adj): filled with joy.
        • рдЪрд┐рддреН (f): consciousness  рдЪрд┐рдиреНрдордп (adj): made of consciousness.
        • рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди (n): knowledge        >  рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдордп (adj): consisting of knowledge.
        • рдЬреНрдпреЛрддрд┐рдГ (n): light                >  рдЬреНрдпреЛрддрд┐рд░реНрдордп (adj): filled with light.
        • рд╣рд┐рд░рдгреНрдп (n): gold                >  рд╣рд┐рд░рдгреНрдпрдордп (adj): made of gold.
    • рддрд░ / рддрдо :
      • Indicates: less/more.
      • Applied to ADJ to form comparative (stronger, bigger, larger) & superlative (strongest, biggest, largest) ADJ.
      • EG:
        • рдкреНрд░рд┐рдп (adj): dear   >  рдкреНрд░рд┐рдпрддрд░ (adj): dearer   рдкреНрд░рд┐рдпрддрдо (adj): dearest.
        • рдордиреНрдж (adj): slow    рдордиреНрджрддрд░ (adj): slower   >  рдордиреНрджрддрдо (adj): slowest.
2. SECONDARY SUFFIXES THAT FORM: ADVERBS
  • ABOUT:
    • An adverb tells how a verb is done. EG: I am walking joyfully (adverb).
    • In Sanskrit, adverb is like an Indeclinable. Meaning don't decline it.
    • 4 Ways to Form a Sanskrit Adverb:
      1. From Neuter > singular > accusative.  Will always end in -рдЕрдореН.
        • EG: 
          • рдирд┐рддреНрдп (adj): eternal      >  рдирд┐рддреНрдпрдореН (adv): eternally.
          • рд╕рддреНрдп (n): truth             > рд╕рддреНрдпрдореН (adv): truthfully.
          • рд╕реБрдЦ (n): happiness    > рд╕реБрдЦрдореН (adv): happily, pleasantly (BG 5.3).
      2. From Neuter > singular > other cases (mostly INST).  Will always end in -рдПрди / -рдЖрддреН.
        • EG: 
          • рджреБрдГрдЦрдореН (n): pain        >  рджреБрдГрдЦреЗрди (adv): painfully.
          • рдирд┐рддреНрдп (adj): eternal   >  рдирд┐рддреНрдпреЗрди (adv): eternally.
          • рд╕реБрдЦрдореН рдмрдиреНрдзрд╛рддреН рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЪреНрдпрддреЗ   >  He is easily released from bondage. (BG 5.3)
      3. Provided in Dictionary as a standalone word.
      4. 3 Suffixes in below List…
  • LIST:
    • рд╢рд╕реН (рд╢рдГ):
      • Indicates: adverbs of manner.
      • EG:
        • рдПрдХ (adj): one   рдПрдХрд╢рдГ  (adv): one-by-one.
        • рд╕рд░реНрд╡ (adj): all      рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╢рдГ  (adv): completely.
    • рддрд╕реН (рддрдГ):
      • Forms an ABLATIVE (from __).
      • Can apply to any noun ending in рдЕ, рдЖ, рдИ.
      • EG:
        • рдордзреНрдп (adj): middle                      >  рдордзреНрдпрддрдГ  : from the middle.
        • рдорд╛рд▓рд╛ (f): garland                        >  рдорд╛рд▓рд╛рддрдГ рдореМрдХреНрддрд┐рдХрдореН рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд░реЛрдо : I take a pearl from the garland.
        • рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрддрдГ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрдореН рдкрдард╛рдорд┐                >   I read a verse from the book.
        • ┼Ыakyaс╕е av─Бptum up─Бyataс╕е     >  It is possible to obtain from proper means(BG 6.36)
    • рд╡рддреН :
      • Indicates: like, as.
      • EG:
        • рдЕрд╢реНрд╡ (m): horse            рдЕрд╢реНрд╡рд╡рддреН (adv): like a horse.
        • рдЖрджрд┐рддреНрдп (m): sun          рдЖрджрд┐рддреНрдпрд╡рддреН (adv): like the sun.  |  рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдВ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рдпрддрд┐ рддрддреН рдкрд░рдореН рдЖрджрд┐рддреНрдпрд╡рддреН  : Knowledge illumines that supreme like the Sun. (BG 5.16)
        • рдЖрд╢реНрдЪрд░реНрдп (n): a wonder   >  рдЖрд╢реНрдЪрд░реНрдпрд╡рддреН (adv): as a wonder (wondrously).  | рдЖрд╢реНрдЪрд░реНрдпрд╡рддреН рдкрд╢реНрдпрддрд┐ рдПрдирдореН : He sees the self wondrously (like a wonder). (BG 2.29)