Summary:

Forming Intensive, Denominative, Aorist, Conditional, Past Active Participle, Future Active/Middle Participle.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

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Session deals with: VOL2, L31, PG 269-276

Intensive / Frequentative:  ^{(yaṅanta यङन्त)}

• What is it?
  • It can indicate EITHER (depending what dictionary has assigned):
    1. Verb done with INTENSITY / FORCE. 
       • EG:
         1. Rāma feels strongly for Sīta.
         2. I am strongly attracted to Sanskrit.
    2. Verb done FREQUENTLY / REPEATEDLY.
       • EG:
         1. Arjuna practices frequently.
         2. Krishna repeatedly teaches Arjuna.
         3. Life repeatedly throws challenges.
    3. Verb done with SENSE OF DIFFICULTY.  ^(rare)
       • EG:
         1. Rāvaṇa badly treats Sīta.
  • In all 3 cases above, think of it as verb & adverb combined into a single verb.
    • EG:
      1. Instead of saying: rāmaḥ sītām bhūrī gacchati रामः सीताम् भूरी गच्छति  (Rāma frequently goes to Sītā)
         • Rather say: rāmaḥ sītām jaṅgamyate रामः सीताम् जङ्गम्यते (Rāma frequently goes to Sītā).
      2. Instead of saying: sūryaḥ bhūmyām bhṛśam jvalati  सूर्यः भूम्याम् भृशम् ज्वलति  (Sun shines strongly on earth)
         • Rather say: śūryaḥ bhūmyām jājvalati  शूर्यः भूम्याम् जाज्वलति  (Sun shines strongly on earth).
  • Formed from few roots only. Meaning, can only be created from monosyllabic roots ^{(root has only one syllable)} starting with a consonant.
  • It's mostly used for present tense.
  • It's only seen in Vedic Sanskrit. Non-existent in Classic (modern) Sanskrit. Therefore it's RARE in modern world. But still common throughout older texts like the Vedas.

• CONSTRUCTION HAS 2 FORMS:
  • Form 1: It will always take Parasmaipada endings.  You'll notice Form 1 has two styles:
    • Form 1, Style 1: 
      • Reduplication ^{(intensive rule: apply guṇa to vowel)}  +  apply guṇa to √root  +  P
        • EG: 
          1. √bhū भू 1P   >  bobhoti   बोभोति       (He frequently is)
          2. √dhā धा 3P   >  dādhāti  दाधाति        (He strongly places)
          3. √ji  जि 1P       >  jejeti        जेजेति        (He repeatedly conquers)
          4. √nī  नी 1P      >  neneti      नेनेति         (He strongly leads)
          5. √vid विद् 2P   >  vevetti      वेवेत्ति        (He learns repeatedly, IE: sincerely)
          6. √nṛt नृत् 4P    >   narīnartti  नरीनर्त्ति   (He dances repeatedly)
    • Form 1, Style 2:
      • Reduplication ^{(intensive rule: apply guṇa to vowel)}   +  √root  +   ī ई  ^(optional)  +   P
        • EG: 
          1. √bhū भू 1P  >  bobhavīti   बोभवीति
             • bhū भू  +  ī ई  =  bhavī  भवी   ( u उ  +  ī ई  =  vī वी )
          2. √dhā धा 3P   >  dādheti     दाधेति
             • √dhā धा  +  ī ई  =  dhe  धे       ( ā आ  +  ī ई  =  e ए )
          3. √ji  जि 1P      >  jejayīti  जेजयीति
             • √ji  जि  +  ī ई  =  jayī  जयी
          4. √nī  नी 1P     >  nenayīti  नेनयीति
             • √nī  नी  +  ī ई  =  nayī  नयी
          5. √vid विद् 2P   >  vevidīti       वेविदीति
          6. √nṛt नृत् 4P    >  narīnartīti  नरीनर्तीति 

 

• • Form 2: It will always take Ātmanepada endings. 
    • Reduplication ^{(intensive rule: apply guṇa to vowel)}   +  √root  +   ya य   +   Ā
      • EG:
        1. √nī  नी 1P      >  nenīyate         नेनीयते
        2. √dhā धा 3P   >  dedhīyate      देधीयते    ^*irregular
        3. √ji  जि 1P       >  jejīyate           जेजीयते   ^*irregular
        4. √bhū भू 1P    >  bobhūyate     बोभूयते
        5. √vid विद् 2P   >  vevidyate       वेविद्यते
        6. √lup लुप् 6U   >  lolupyate       लोलुप्यते        (He cuts awkwardly / badly)
        7. √sad सद् 6P   >  sāsadyate      सासद्यते        (He falls badly)
        8. √gam गम् 1P  >  jaṅgamyate   जङ्गम्यते        (He goes crookedly)
    • For other moods (EG: Optative, Passive, etc):
      • Formula: Same as above  +   ya य   +   Ā of Optative/Passive/Imperfect/Imperative
      • EG: √nṛt नृत् 4P   >  narīnṛtyeta  नरीनृत्येत  (intensive optative)    : He (should/might) dance repeatedly.

 

• Intensive Reduplication rules (applies to Form 1 & 2): These are additional Intensive specific reduplication rules to be applied…
  1. a अ becomes ā आ. 
     • EG:
       • √tap तप् 1P       >  tātapyate  तातप्यते     : He heats repeatedly.
       • √lap लप् 1P       >  lālapyate   लालप्यते    : He laments/speaks repeatedly.
  2. If root ends with am अम्, it becomes aṃ अं. 
     • EG:
       • √kram  क्रम् 1U   > caṃkramyate  चंक्रम्यते    : He goes repeatedly.
       • √gam गम् 1P  >  jaṅgamyate          जङ्गम्यते    : He goes crookedly.  ^{*irregularity}
  3. The ṛ ऋ in root, becomes  rī  री   /  ra र ^(rare)  in reduplication.
  • • • √dṛś दृश् 1P  >  darīdṛśyate  दरीदृश्यते      : He sees repeatedly.
      • √sṛp सृप् 1P  >  sarīsṛpyate   सरीसृप्यते      : He creeps repeatedly.
      • √nṛt नृत् 4P
        • Form 1, Style 1: narīnartti  नरीनर्त्ति
        • Form 1, Style 2: narīnartīti  नरीनर्तीति
        • Form 2: narīnṛtyate               नरीनृत्यते 

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Denominative:  ^{(nāmadhātu  नामधातु)}

• What is it?
  • First study these examples:
    •  “He hands the cup to me.”
    • “The sky blackens.”
    • “Ravana's wisdom didn't blossom.”
    • “Her hobby mushroomed into a thriving business”. 
  • What have you noticed? All the pink words are actually NOUNS. But they've taken role of a VERB. Thus denominative is: A noun taking role of a verb.
• The denominative verb in Sanskrit can have several meanings:

 

• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • NOUN STEM  +  ya य  +  P/Ā  [Garden PG4 (43-50)]
  • EG:
    • namas नमस्    +   ya य   +   P  =  namasyati  नमस्यति  : He/she/it does homeage [to]
    • kavi      कवि     +   ya य   +   P  =  kavīyati      कवीयति   : He/she/it desires a poet.  ^{*Why long ī ई ? See rule below.}
• RULE: 
  • For some nouns, the final vowel is adjusted or lengthened.  EG:
    • ADJUSTED:         putra पुत्र  (son)                     > putrīyati  पुत्रीयति   (He desires a son).
    • LENGTHENED:  gopa गोप  (cow protector)  > gopāyati  गोपायति  (He protects)
• Examples:

• SIDE NOTE & USEFUL TIP: In Classical Sanskrit, ANY noun can join any form of √kṛ कृ 8U or √bhū भू 1P. The noun may have small changes, especially in last letter.
  1. NOUN + √bhū भू 1P = He becomes like a NOUN / He becomes NOUN. 
     • EG: stambha स्तम्भ + bhavati  भवति  = stambhībhavati  स्तम्भीभवति : He becomes like a post.
  2. NOUN + √kṛ कृ 8U = He/she/it makes NOUN. 
     • EG: surabhi सुरभि  + karoti करोति  = surabhīkaroti  सुरभीकरोति : He makes fragrant.  ^{(He perfumes)}

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Conditional:  ^{( lṛṅ  लृङ् )}

• Expresses a hypothetical situation that would've happened in the past (if some condition was true).
  • EG: You would've understood the lesson ^{(implying the lesson already took place)}, if asked questions.
  • Thus it's generally considered past tense. 
• Indicates: He/she/it would have happened / would happen.
• Rarely used in Classic (mostly used in Vedic Sanskrit).
• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • a + simple future stem + imperfect endings [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]
• Examples:

• Sentence Examples:

Aorist:  ^{( luṅ  लुङ्)}

• What is it?
  • Past tense that happened TODAY. Although can be used for past events of any time.
    • EG: He went to work. I ate breakfast.
  • Rare in classic. Common in Vedic.
  • It has 7 ways of formation. 
• Comparison of past tense moods:  (Below is comparison of 3 ways to express PAST TENSE. For simplicity, treat them all the same. They can be interchanged.) 

• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:  (Has 7 forms, let's cover them all)
  • Rule: ^{(applies to all 7 formations)}
    • If root ends in ā आ, then (3rd person plural) will end in uḥ उः
      • EG:
        • √dā दा 3U     >   aduḥ   अदुः      : They all gave.
        • √jñā ज्ञा 9U    >   ajñuḥ  अज्ञुः      : They all knew.
        • √pā पा 1P      >   apuḥ  अपुः       : They all drank.

 

• • Simple
    • Formation 1:
      • Parasmaipada only.
      • Formula: a अ + √root +  P [Garden PG4 (53)^{for all 10 verb classes}]
      • Examples: 

• • • Formation 2:
      • Can be in Parasmaipada / Ātmanepada.
      • Formula: 
        • Parasmaipada: a अ + √root +  P [Garden PG4 (45)^{for all 10 verb classes}]
        • Ātmanepada:    a अ + √root +  Ā [Garden PG4 (46)^{for all 10 verb classes}] ^{* irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.}
      • Examples: 

• • Sigmatic or Sibilant
    • Formation 4:  ( sa  स )
      • Only applies to roots that end in: ś श् / ṣ ष् / h ह्
      • Can be in Parasmaipada / Ātmanepada.
      • Formula: 
        • Parasmaipada: a अ + √root +  P [Garden PG4 (45)^{for all 10 verb classes}]
        • Ātmanepada:    a अ + √root +  Ā [Garden PG4 (46)^{for all 10 verb classes}]  ^{* Irregularities: Some take endings of Garden 54.}
      • RULE:
        • No root strengthening.
        • Due to sandhi, last ś श् in root will change to kṣ क्ष्.  EG: √spṛś स्पृश्  >  spṛkṣ स्पृक्ष्
      • Examples:

• • • Formation 5:  ( siṣ  सिष् ) 
      • Applies (mostly) to roots ending in -ā आ, and following roots: √nam नम् 1P (worship), √yam यम् 1P (support), √ram रम् 1Ā (enjoy).
      • Parasmaipada only.
      • Formula: 
        • Parasmaipada: a अ  +  ^vṛddhi√root  +  siṣ सिष्  +  P [Garden PG4 (53)^{for all 10 verb classes}] 
          • * Irregularities: 
            • Single, 3rd Person, ends in: īt    ईत्
            • Single, 2nd Person, ends in: īḥ    ईः
            • Plural, 3rd Person, ends in: uḥ    उः
      • Examples:

• • • Formation 6:  ( s स् ) 
      • Can be in Parasmaipada / Ātmanepada.
      • Formula: 
        • Parasmaipada: a अ  +  ^vṛddhi√root  +  s स्   +  P [Garden PG4 (53)^{for all 10 verb classes}] 
          • * Irregularities: 
            • Single, 3rd Person, ends in: īt    ईत्
            • Single, 2nd Person, ends in: īḥ    ईः
            • Plural, 3rd Person, ends in: uḥ    उः
        • Ātmanepada:    a अ  +  ^guṇa√root    +  s स्   +  Ā [Garden PG4 (54)^{for all 10 verb classes}]  ^{* Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have:  s स्.}
      • RULE:
        • Medial vowel ^{(meaning vowel that has at least one consonant after it)} in root, doesn't take guṇa in Ātmanepada ^{(EG: a, b)}. May also apply to last vowel in root ^{(EG: c)}.
          • EG:
            1. Notice here, for √chid छिद् 7U (cut) > Aorist > Middle > acchitsata अच्छित्सत  (chid छिद् didn't change to ched छेद् as would expect per Formula above).
            2. Notice here, for √yuj युज् 7U (unite) > Aorist > Middle > ayukṣata अयुक्षत  (yuj युज् didn't change to yoj योज् as would expect per Formula above).
            3. Notice here, for √mṛ मृ 1U (dies) > Aorist > Middle > amṛṣata अमृषत . Notice root remains mṛ मृ — it doesn't become mar मर् , because even last vowel can be subject to this rule.  Also seen in below table > Ātmanepada > √kṛ कृ 8U.
        • Due to sandhi, s स् will change into ṣ ष्.
      • Examples:

• • • Formation 7:  ( iṣ इष् ) 
      • Can be in Parasmaipada / Ātmanepada.
      • Formula: 
        • Parasmaipada: a अ  +  ^vṛddhi√root  +  iṣ इष्   +  P [Garden PG4 (53)^{for all 10 verb classes}] 
          • * Irregularities: 
            • Single, 3rd Person, ends in: īt    ईत्
            • Single, 2nd Person, ends in: īḥ    ईः
            • Plural, 3rd Person, ends in: uḥ    उः
        • Ātmanepada:    a अ  +  ^guṇa√root    +  iṣ इष्   +  Ā [Garden PG4 (54)^{for all 10 verb classes}]  ^{* Irregularity: Plural, 2nd Person doesn't have:  ṣ ष्.}
      • RULE:
        • Medial vowel ^{(meaning vowel that has at least one consonant after it)} in root, is made guṇa in both P/Ā. However medial -a अ- is generally unchanged in both, however sometimes lengthened in P. 
          • EG:
            • In table below > Ātmanepada > √budh बुध् 1U > Single > 3rd person > Instead of abaudhiṣṭa अबौधिष्ट, the vowel “u उ” is in guṇa, “o ओ“.
            • In table below > Parasmaipada > √rakṣ रक्ष् 1P > Notice the medial -a अ- has not changed to vṛddhi, just as it said in above rule.
      • Examples:

• • • • • More examples: 1. 
• PASSIVE:
  • Aorist > Passive Single > 3rd Person: This is a common form you need to recognize because it's used often in Vedic texts.
  • Formula:
    • a अ  +  √root  +  i इ
    • RULES:
      1. Medial vowel in root takes guṇa.
      2. Final vowel in root takes vṛddhi.
  • Examples:

Future Participle:  ^{( bhaviṣyatkāle kṛdanta  भविष्यत्काले कृदन्त )}

• Means: will be VERBing.
• Some ways to use:
  1. FORM 1: Simple NOM ACC VERB:
     • EG:
       • Rāma will be seeing Sīta.
       • You will be writing Sanskrit in the future.
       • I will be coming to meet you.
       • I will be singing for the people.
  2. FORM 2: (LEFT SIDE) (RIGHT SIDE) sentences:
     • EG:
       • (We see) (clouds that will be vanishing). Literal: (We see) (the will-be-vanishing clouds).
       • (I am speaking) (to the man that will be going). Literal: (I speak) (to the will-be-going man).
       • (I saw) (the woman that will be singing in the hall). Literal: (I saw) (the will-be-singing woman in the hall).
     • ADVANCED: Form 2 can also be expressed in Relative-Correlative Pronoun style. Below compares both:

• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • Simple Future STEM  +  [Garden PG7]^{for all 10 verb classes}     
    • NOTE: In Garden PG7, ignore the orange endings as they only apply to special rules of Present Participles.
• Examples:

Past Participle:  ^{( ktavatu क्तवतु )}

• What is it? 
  • Past tense. Identical to Imperfect.
  • Can be used as:
    1. VERB:
       • Then it declines like the SUBJECT of the sentence. 
    2. ADJ:
       • Used to describe something/someone.
       • IE: One who has VERBed / Who VERBed.
    3. NOUN:
       • Can stand on it's own. Used for instance when answering a question.
       • EG: Who survived? He who fought! (yuddhavān युद्धवान्)
  • Can be negated with a अ or an अन् ^{(if first letter is a vowel)}.
• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • PPP Stem  +  (mas, n): vat वत् or vant वन्त्    /   (fem): vatī वती  +  decline like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)]
• Examples:

Cardinal Numbers: 

• What are they? First let's compare types of numbers:
  • Cardinal: one, two, three, etc… (eka, dvi, tri, etc…). 
  • Numeral: १, २, ३, etc…
  • Ordinal: first, second, third, etc… (prathama, dvitīya, tṛtīya, etc…).
• In a hurry?
  • Ignore everything below and go to Garden PG6 for declensions. It's all you'll ever need for Cardinals in your Sanskrit career.
• General:
  1. eka एक always declines in singular.
     • MAS EG:
       • ekaḥ naraḥ एकः नरः                         :  One man.
       • ekasmin nare एकस्मिन् नरे               :  On one man.
     • NEUTER EG:
       • ekam phalam एकम् फलम्                :  One fruit.
       • ekasmāt phalāt एकस्मात् फलात्       :  From one fruit.
     • FEMININE EG:
       • ekā senā एका सेना                            :  One army.
       • ekasyāḥ senāyāḥ एकस्याः सेनायाः    :  Of one army.
  2. dvi द्वि always declines in dual.
  3. tri त्रि and onwards always declines in plural.
• TIP: When searching for cardinals in dictionary, search by STEM (EG: eka एक); not by declined version (EG: ekena एकेन).

Homework:

• STEP 1:
  • Study all Grammar components on this page and examples, from top to bottom. Note that Aorist is rarest, hence spend minimum time on it (but at least learn Formation 1/2). 
• STEP 2:
  • PG267-268: Familiarize with new paradigms, or see at [Garden 7, 18].
• STEP 3:
  • PG277: Learn new vocabulary. 
• STEP 4:
  • PG265: Attempt to translate the verse.
    1. Break down sandhi.
    2. Write English definition top of each word.
    3. Translate.
• STEP 5:
  • PG 278: Read #6. It's basically asking you to repeat Step 4 above for all verses up to PG291.

 

 

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

 

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Recorded 23 March, 2023