Summary:

How to construct Verb class 1, 4, 6, 8, 10.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

This session deals with: CH20, PG24-33.

TEACHING TRADITION:

• How youth learned in ancient India?
  • After ^upanayana ceremony, lived in teacher's house ^(gurukula) for 12 years, until 25.
  • How was Sanskrit taught?
    • Completely oral with recitation & memorization.
    • Per Ṛk Saṃhitā ऋक् संहिता (7.103): Education is hearing and repeating another's speech.
  • Learning verses divided into 3 speeds (vṛtti):
    1. Druta          : Quick, melted, indistinct
    2. Madhya     : Medium.
    3. Vilambita  : Slow. How most verses taught.
• How was literature preserved? Dried palm leaves ^{(palmyra/talipot)} in sun + apply oil + stylus incision / inner birch bark.

CLASSES (gaṇa):

• What is a “Class”? How verb stem is made from the root.
• All verb stems fall under 10 classes ^{(daśa-gaṇa)}.
  • Meaning each verb stem belongs to ONE class.
    • Exceptions: Sometimes a root can make a stem in more then 1 way.
• Verb Class names in Sanskrit:
  • Class 1: bhvādiḥ भ्वादिः (bhū ādiḥ भू आदिः)
  • Class 2: adādiḥ अदादिः
  • Class 3: johotyādiḥ जोहोत्यादिः
  • Class 4: divādiḥ दिवादिः
  • Class 5: svādiḥ स्वादिः
  • Class 6: tudādiḥ तुदादिः
  • Class 7: rudhādiḥ रुधादिः
  • Class 8: tanādiḥ तनादिः
  • Class 9: kryādiḥ क्र्यादिः
  • Class 10: curādiḥ चुरादिः
• Class 1, 4, 6, 10:
  • General Notes:
    • Easy ones. Stem ends in ‘a‘. Same throughout paradigm.
      • EG: gaccha गच्छ, jaya जय, cintaya चिन्तय, piba पिब, khāda खाद, smara स्मर
    • Called “thematic verbs” (meaning stem ends in vowel, thus consistent declensions).
  • Class 1:
    • 50% of roots in this class. Biggest.
    • How to form? guṇa of root + a + declension. EG:
      1. √smṛ   = smar  + a = smara^(stem) : remember > smarati : he remembers
         √स्मृ  = स्मर्   + अ = स्मर                     > स्मरति
      2. √vad   = vad     + a = vada              : speak          > vadati    : he speaks
         √वद्   = वद्   + अ = वद                     > वदति
      3. √śubh = śobh  + a = śobha         : shine              > śobhate :  he shines
         √शुभ् = शोभ्  + अ = शोभ                    > शोभते
      4. √budh = bodh + a = bodha        : know              > bodhati  :  he knows
         √बुध् = बोध्   + अ = बोध                    > बोधति
    • How to know if root WILL undergo guṇa change?
      (General rule applies all classes where guṇa added to root vowel. IE: 1,2,3,10)    
      • Root's vowel is final vowel. ^{(see above #a)}
      • Root's vowel is short + followed by ONE consonant. ^{(see above #b, c, d)}
      • Examples where no change occurs:
        • √cint   > cintaya^(10P) : violates #B. Two consonants follow.
          √चिन्त् > चिन्तय
        • √jīv     / √bhāṣ              : violates #A. Vowel is not final.
          √जीव् / √भाष्
    • 3 Rules: (applies only to 1,4,6,10's.)
      • 1:

• • • • • EG:
          • √ji       = je     = jay     + a    = jaya      : conquer
            √जि    = जे    = जय्    + अ  = जय
          • √bhū  = bho = bhav + a     = bhava  : be
            √भू     = भो    = भव्   + अ  = भव
          • √ni      = ne   = nay   + a     = naya     : lead
            √नि     = ने    = नय्   + अ  = नय

• • • • 2:
        • Some stems formed from vṛddhi of root.
        • Some stems have irregular formations ^{(meaning they won't completely follow the verb-making formula)}.
          • EG:
            • √gam + a  = gaccha : go
              √गम्  + अ = गच्छ
            • √sthā + a  = tiṣṭha   : stand
              √स्था + अ = तिष्ठ
            • √pā    + a  = piba      : drink
              √पा    + अ = पिब
      • 3:
        • If declension starts with m or v, then add a before it. ^{(Applies to P/Ā)}
          • EG:
            • bhava + a  + mi         = bhavāmi
              भव      + अ + मि               = भवामि
            • bhava + a + vaḥ         = bhavāvaḥ
              भव     + अ + वः               = भवावः

• • Class 4:
    • How to form? root + ya + declension.
    • EG:
      • √man ^4Ā   + ya  + te    = manyate : He thinks
        √मन्          + य    + ते    = मन्यते
      • √div   ^4P  + ya  + ti      = dīvyati   : He shines
        √दिव्         + य   + ति     = दीव्यति
  • Class 6:
    • How to form? root + a + declension.
    • EG:
      • √tud  +  a +  ti   =  tudati : He pushes
        √तुद्  + अ + ति  = तुदति
    • Rule:
      • Some roots take nasal before final consonant.
      • EG:
        • √vid     + a      = vinda   : He finds  ^{(√vid is different from ‘to know‘)}
          √विद्    + अ    = विन्द
        • √muc   + a      = muñca : He releases
          √मुच्    + अ     = मुञ्च
  • Class 10:
    • How to form? guṇa of root + aya + declension.
    • EG:
      • √cur    + aya   =  corayati    : He steals
        √चुर्   + अय   =  चोरयति
      • √cint   +  aya   = cintayati  : He thinks
        √चिन्त्   +  अय   = चिन्तयति

• Non-1, 4, 6, 10:
  • General Notes:
    • Stems don't end in ‘a‘.
    • Stems will change for SINGULAR ^{(strong stems)} and DUAL/PL ^{(weak stems)}.
    • Drawback: Because Non-1,4,6,10's end in consonants, the paradigm will have internal sandhi.
    • Called “athematic verbs” (meaning stem ends in consonant, thus internal sandhi changes).
  • Class 8:
    • How to make?
      • Singular:
        • root + o + declension.
        • EG:
          • √tan    + o    + declension  = tanoti   : He stretches
            √तन्    + ओ  + ति    = तनोति
      • Dual/Pl:
        • root + u + declension.
        • EG:
          • √tan    +  u   +  declension = tanuvaḥ  : We two stretch
            √तन्    +  उ   +  ते   = तनुते
    • Has only 8 roots.
    • Most roots end in n.
    • Most common root in Class 8: √kṛ  √कृ
      • Has irregularities. IE: Doesn't follow 100% C8 making formula above.
      • RULE: If kṛ prefixed by sam/pari, then kṛ becomes skṛ  स्कृ.  EG: samskṛta   सम्स्कृत  (adj ppp): completed.

Homework:

• Study paradigm PG31 (tanoti: He stretches) / PG33 (karoti: He does/makes/performs).
• Go over Passive verbs PG37-38 + create 10 sentences with Passive.
  • EG: Sage is protected (by scriptures).
• Go over Vocab on PG39.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 28 Nov, 2021