Summary:

Present Participle expresses an action that is happenING in the present. Works exactly like a Gerund, except it acts as Adj, hence qualifies the main SUBJECT/DOER of the sentence.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

---

Session deals with: VOL2, L28, PG 202-211

Present Participle: ^{(vartamāne kṛdanta  वर्तमाने कृदन्त)}

• What is it? Examples explain best. Study below examples and for fun, see what you can notice…

• Observations from Above Table:  ⬆
  • Present Participle is on LEFT side of sentence, just like Gerund.
  • Present Participle acts like ADJ; meaning it qualifies the SUBJECT who is doing it ^{(on the right side of sentence)}.
  • Present Participle expresses an action in progress, right NOW.
  • Present Participle is English equivalent to: –ing.
• Keep This In Mind:
  • Parasmaipada roots (EG: √vad वद् 1P) are formed differently from Ātmanepada roots (EG: √bhāṣ भाष् 1Ā).
  • In other words, there is: 
    • Present (Active) Participle. Made from Parasmaipada roots.
    • Present (Middle) Participle. Made from Ātmanepada roots.
    • Both have different endings discussed below.

 

• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA: 

• • STOP! Open up Garden PG7 (Present Participle) before reading onwards.

• • PARASMAIPADA Roots — Present (Active) Participle:

• • • STEP 1: Form the STEM word.
      • √root + at ^{(more common, thus stick to at)}  /  ant. 
      • Examples:
        • √paṭh पठ् 1P +  at अत्  =  paṭhat  पठत्    /   paṭhant   पठन्त् 
        • √bhū भू  1P   +  at अत्  =  bhavat भवत्    /   bhavant   दिव्यन्त्
        • √div दिव् 4P   +  at अत्  =  dīvyat  दीव्यत्  /   dīvyant    दीव्यन्त्
          • Why did i इ  double? For some roots, the first vowel will double; unrelated to Vowel Strengthening. However others might go through Guna change per Garden 30.
          • Why did y य्  get in there? No particular reason. A rarity. Could be related to Garden 30. Notice y य्  semi-vowel is in same row as  i इ. 
        • √tud तुद् 6U   +  at अत्  =  tudat  तुदत्    /   tudant  तुदन्त्

• • • STEP 2: Add declensions to verb in STEP 1 above. 

• • • • MASULINE — attach endings of: Garden 31
        • Examples:

• • • • • Rules

          1. NOM Sing: ends in an अन्  instead of  ān आन्  (as in case of bhagavān  भगवान्).
          2. Class 3 — NOM/ACC/VOC (Single, Dual, Plural):
             • Drop n न्  before final t त्.   EG: √hā हा 3P ^(abandon) 
               • Correct:       jahat      जहत्
               • Wrong:         jahant   जहन्त्
          3. Class 3 — NOM, Single:
             • Always ends in at अत्  (instead of an अन्, as is true for all other cases.)

 

• • • • NEUTER — attach endings of: Garden 32
        • Examples:
          • Same principle as MAS above, just decline the Present Participle verb per Garden 32, or see Garden PG7 for table.
        • Rules

          1. Class 1, 2, 6, 8, 10 — Dual NOM–ACC–VOC:
             • They have n न् before t त्. 
               • Correct:   nayantī   नयन्ती
               • Wrong:     nayatī     नयती
          2. Class 2, 3, 5, 6 ^(optional), 7, 8, 9 — Dual NOM–ACC–VOC: 
             • Use atī  अती
               • EG: adatī  अदती
             • DO NOT use: antī  अन्ती
               •  EG: adantī अदन्ती
          3. Class 3 — NOM/ACC/VOC (Single, Dual, Plural):
             • Drop n न्  before final t त्.   EG: √hā हा 3P ^(abandon) 
               • Correct:       jahati ^{nom, pl}     जहति
               • Wrong:         jahanti ^{nom, pl}   जहन्ति 

 

• • • • FEMININE — attach endings of: Garden 12
        • Examples:

• • • • • Rules

          1. Add  ī ई  to end, forming –antī.   EG: nayantī  नयन्ती  (leading)
          2. Class 2, 3, 5, 6 ^(optional), 7, 8, 9 — Applies to ALL Cases ^(nom-voc) and NUMBERS ^{(single/dual/plural)} :
             • Use atī  अती
               • EG: satī  सती,  śṛṇvatī  शृण्वती
             • DO NOT use: antī  अन्ती
               • EG: santī  सन्ती,  śṛṇvantī  शृण्वन्ती
          3. Class 3 — NOM/ACC/VOC (Single, Dual, Plural):
             • Drop n न्  before final t त्.   EG: √hā हा 3P ^(abandon) 
               • Correct:       jahatī     जहती
               • Wrong:         jahantī  जहन्ती 

 

• • ĀTAMEPADA Roots — Present (Middle) Participle: 

• • • CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
      • Class 1, 4, 6, 8, 10:
        • STEM  +  māna मान  +  Garden 1, 2
          • EG: √bhāṣ भाष् 1Ā  : bhāṣamāṇaḥ/ā/m  भाषमाणः/आ/म्  : speaking
      • Class 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9:
        • STEM  +  āna आन  +  Garden 1, 2
          • EG: √kṛ कृ 8U : kurvāṇaḥ/ā/m  कुर्वाणः/आ/म्   : doing, making
    • Examples:
      • MAS: (Speaking to the sage), the man experiences clarity.
        (munim bhāṣamāṇaḥ), naraḥ prasannatām anubhavati
        ( मुनिम् भाषमाणः ), नरः प्रसन्नताम् अनुभवति
      • FEM: (Speaking to the sage), the woman experiences clarity.
        (munim bhāṣamāṇā), nārī prasannatām anubhavati
        ( मुनिम् भाषमाणा ), नारी प्रसन्नताम् अनुभवति

 

Present PASSIVE Participle:  ^{(vartamāne kṛdanta karmaṇi वर्तमाने कृदन्त कर्मणि)}

• Meaning: being done (in present).
• How to form?
  • √root  +  ya य   +  māna मान ^{(all 10 classes)}  +  Garden 1, 2
• Examples:

 

Absolute:

• First, look at the examples, and identify a pattern. (HINT: Something is happening on LEFT side of the sentence. Also notice how both Subject and Present Participle is either in LOC or GEN. Can interchange LOC/GEN; still means the same.)

• What is it?
  • Construction is 100% identical to Present Participle, except it makes sentence start with: While/When/As/Even though…
• What does it look like?
  • (NOM ACC VERB) (NOM ACC VERB). Meaning action is happening on LEFT & RIGHT side of sentence.
    • EG:
      • (While Rāma is hunting deer), (Sītā cooks food).
      • (Even though Krishna agreed to war), (he did not agree to fight with Arjuna).
• RULE:
  • The LEFT side of sentence (both the NOM & Present Participle Verb) takes either LOC or GEN. 
• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • In the LEFT side of sentence: Both the Subject and Present Participle must be either in Locative (or) Genitive.
  • If “api अपि” is placed after LOC/GEN Present Participle Verb, then sentence starts with: Even though/while…

Homework:

• STEP 1:
  • Open up Garden PG7  (Present Participle).
• STEP 2:
  • Study “Present Participle” on this website page. All points from VOL2 book are covered; except more clear here.
  • Remember to SKIP the Rules sections. Only see after Homework is complete.
• STEP 3:
  • Study “Absolute” on this page.
• STEP 4:
  • Glance over (since it's rare): Present PASSIVE Participle.
• STEP 5:
  • PG 212: Learn the Vocab.
• STEP 6:
  • VOL2, PG200: Attempt to translate the verse.
    1. Break down sandhi.
    2. Write English definition top of each word.
    3. Translate.
    4. Compare your translation to author's.
• STEP 7:
  • PG 213-216: Do the exercises.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

 

—

Recorded 26 Sept, 2022