Summary:

Covers Perfect (used interchangeably with Imperfect), Interrogative Pronouns (EG: Which? With whom?) and Optative (used interchangeably with Imperative).

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

Session deals with: VOL2, L26, PG 156-171

Perfect:  ^{(liṭ लिट्)}

• ABOUT:
  • It's Past tense.
  • Same as Imperfect, but not witnessed by the speaker.
  • In practice, used interchangeably with Imperfect.  Since Imperfect is easier, stick with it.
  • EG: Rāma went to the forest.  >  rāmaḥ vanam jagāma  रामः वनम् जगाम
• Construction Formula:
  • Reduplication of root  +  Reduplication Rules for Perfect  +   Rule 1 below  +  [Garden PG4 (61, 62)]
  • In other words…
    • Step 1: Take the √root. 
    • Step 2: Apply reduplication per this table.  ^{(When constructing Perfect, then all 10 verb classes can be reduplicated)}
    • Step 3: Once done step 2, come back to this page, and apply further reduplication rules for Perfect.
    • Step 4: Apply Parasmaipada & Ātmanepada Rule below.
    • Step 5: Attach endings per [Garden PG4 (61, 62)].
  • EG:

• • • More examples? See Vol2, PG159-161.
• Rules:
  • RULE 1: Parasmaipada Perfect & Ātmanepada Perfect are constructed differently:
    1. Parasmaipada Root Changes:
       1. Single:
          • Rule A:
            1. If root's vowel is SHORT and it's BETWEEN 2 consonants, then vowel takes guṇa in all three persons:
               • EG:
                 • √viś √विश्  6P (to enter)     >   viveś विवेश्
                 • √druh √द्रुह्  4P (to hurt)     >   dudroh दुद्रोह्
                 • √kṛt √कृत्  6P (to cut)          >   cakart चकर्त्.
            2. Any other combination:
               • 3rd single:   Final vowel in root, takes: vṛddhi.
               • 2nd single:  Final vowel in root, takes: guṇa.
               • 1st single:    Final vowel in root, takes either: guṇa or vṛddhi.
               • EG: √kṛ √कृ 8U (to do)
                 • 3rd single:   cakāra चकार
                 • 2nd single:  cakara चकर
                 • 1st single:   cakara चकर   or   cakāra चकार
          • Rule B:
            • a अ before a single final consonant in the root, also follows Rule 1 above.
            • EG:  √tap तप्   1P  (to heat)
              • 3rd single:    tatāp  तताप्
              • 2nd single:   tatap  ततप्
              • 1st single:     tatap  ततप्   or  tatāp तताप्
       2. Dual/Plural:
          • Leave root alone (meaning don't make any changes to root). But there is ONE exception. See Rule below…
          • Rule Where Root Changes in Dual/Plural:
            • If root: (a) begins with following unaspirated letters: ka क, ca च, ja ज, ṭa ट, ḍa ड, ta त, da द, pa प, ba ब — and  (b) whose a अ is right before a single final consonant in the root — then apply these 2 conditions:
              1. Root will NOT undergo reduplication.
              2. Simply change the root's a अ  with e ए  +  attach ending.
            • EG: 
              • √day √दय् 1Ā (to impart):
                • 3rd dual:    deyāte      देयाते
                • 2nd dual:   deyāthe   देयाथे
                • 1st  dual:   deyivahe  देयिवहे     
              • √paṭh पठ् 1P (to read):
                • 3rd pl:   peṭhuḥ      पेठुः
                • 2nd pl:  peṭha         पेठ
                • 1st pl:   peṭhima    पेठिम
            • Case where rule doesn't apply: √phaṇ फण् 1P (to go) — because pha फ  is aspirated.
    2. Ātmanepada Root Changes:
       • Single / Dual / Plural: Leave root alone (meaning don't make any changes to root). Just reduplication + √root + ending.
  • RULE 2:
    • Endings which begin with a consonant [as seen in Garden PG4 (61, 62)] — are often joined to STEM with i इ. Doesn't apply to all roots.
      • Exception: Four roots ending in ṛ ऋ that DO NOT take i इ in the first persons dual & plural:
        √kṛ कृ 8U (make), √bhṛ भृ 1U (bear), √sṛ सृ 1P (go), √vṛ वृ 5U (choose).

• REDUPLICATION RULES WHICH ONLY APPLY WHEN CONSTRUCTING ‘PERFECT':

Interrogative vs. Indefinite vs. Negative Indefinite:

Before we go into theory below, look at this table for example:

Interrogative Pronouns:

• How to form a question word?
  • Step 1: First have open [Garden PG4 (37-39)].
  • Step 2: Replace first letter with k क्.  
    • Exception: Neuter, Sing (Nom & Acc) = kim किम्
    • EG: tasmāt तस्मात्  (from him)  >  kasmāt कस्मात्  (From who/whom/which?)
• Examples:
  • (kayā naukayā) rāmaḥ vanam agacchat  (कया नौकया) रामः वनम् अगच्छत्  :  (With which boat) Rāma went to the forest?
  • kaḥ jalam pibati  कः जलम् पिबति                                   :  Who drinks the water?
  • kiṃ te kṛṣṇaṃ vanaṃ jānanti  किं ते कृष्णं वनं जानन्ति   :  What do they know about the black forest?
  • kā sthitaprajñasya bhāṣā  का स्थितप्रज्ञस्य भाषा            :  What is the sign of (one whose intellect is steady)?

Indefinite Pronouns:

• What is it?
  • Vague indicator about what/who it's referring to.
    
  • It's basically, interrogative + words like some/any/ever.  EG: Somehow, anywhere, whatever.
• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
  • Method 1:
    • kaḥ/kā/kim कः / का / किम्   +   api/cana/cid अपि / चन / चिद्   =   Indefinite Pronoun
    • EG:
      • kaścana               कश्चन                   : somebody/anyone.
      • kiṃcana/kiṃcit   किंचन / किंचित्    : anything.
      • kenacit                केनचित्                : with anything/someone. (Whatever/whoever).
      • kenāpi                 केनापि                  : with anyone.
      • kaścit jalam apibat  कश्चित् जलम् अपिबत्                               :  Someone drank the water.
      • udyāne (kecana vṛkṣāḥ) santi  उद्याने (केचन वृक्षाः) सन्ति       : There are (some trees) in the garden.
  • Method 2:
    • Repeat the pronoun. Words will always begin with y य्.
    • EG:
      • yat yat       यत् यत्         : whatever.
      • yada yada यद यद         : whenever.
• How to negate an indefinite pronoun?
  • Add na न before.  EG:
    • na kaścana / kaścit       न कश्चन / कश्चित्            : nobody/noone.
    • na kiṃcana / kiṃcit       न किंचन / किंचित्         : nothing.
    • na kaścit jalam apibat  न कश्चित् जलम् अपिबत्  :  Noone drank the water.

Optative / Potential:  ^{(liṅ लिङ्)}

• ABOUT:
  • It's Present tense.
  • Used to express a wish. What “SHOULD / MIGHT” be done.
  • Also used in context of: a gentle order (less forceful then Imperative), advice, expectation.
  • When in doubt: Use it interchangeably with Imperative.
• Construction Formula:
  • Class 1, 4, 6, 10 :  √root   +    [Garden PG4 (49, 50)]
  • Non 1, 4, 6, 10   :  √root   +    [Garden PG4 (57, 58)]
• Sentence examples:

Homework:

• STEP 1:
  • First grasp the easy parts: Interrogative & Indefinite.
• STEP 2:
  • Grasp theory of Perfect. Then see in Vol2, PG159-161 more examples.
    
• STEP 3:
  • Say out loud new paradigm [Garden PG1 (14)], also found on PG165.
• STEP 4:
  • Grasp theory of Optative on this page. Then see in Vol2, PG166-170 more examples.
• STEP 5:
  • PG171: Go over the new vocabulary.
• STEP 6:
  • PG172-175: Do all exercises.
• STEP 7:
  • PG150: Attempt to translate the verse.
    1. Break down sandhi.
    2. Write English definition top of each word.
    3. Translate.
    4. Compare your translation to author's.
• STEP 8:
  • PG152-155: Go over theory at your own time. Not important, unless aiming for Sanskrit scholar.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 12 June, 2022