Summary:

CH23. Two irregular Verb class 3 paradigms. Verb class 7 construction. Last internal sandhi rules.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

Session deals with: VOL2, L23, PG 95-100

Verb Class 7:

• How to form stem?
  1. Single (strong forms)           :  Add na न before final consonant of root  + P/Ā declension. 
     • EG: √yuj  युज्  (unite) > yunaj  युनज्
  2. Dual/Plural (weak forms)   : Add n न् before final consonant of root     + P/Ā declension.   
     • EG: √yuj  युज्  (unite) > yuñj    युञ्ज्
• Internal sandhi:
  • Before consonant, j becomes velar. EG:
    • √yuj  7P  (unite) =  yukta  युक्त  (adj ppp)                                         : united, joined
    • √yuj  7P  (unite) =  yunaj  युनज्  + ti  ति  = yunakti   युनक्ति             : He unites

Internal Sandhi Rules:

• What is internal Sandhi?
  • Sandhi used within an individual word. EG:
    • bālena  बालेन   VS  nareṇa   नरेण
    • n  न्   >  ṇ    ण्
    • s  स्   >   ṣ    ष्
• RULES:
  1. Before vowels and y य्:  
     • e    ए    becomes  ay अय्.     EG: √nī  नी     > ne  ने ^{(after guṇa)}   > naya + ti       नय + ति
     • ai   ऐ    becomes  āy आय्
     • o   ओ   becomes  av  अव्.    EG: √bhū  भू  > bho भो ^{(after guṇa)}  > bhava + ti   भव + ति
     • au  औ  becomes  āv  आव्
  2. Before unvoiced consonants:
     • d  द्  becomes  t त्.   EG: dad + ta = datta  दद् + त = दत्त
  3. Before unvoiced unaspirated consonants:
     • dh  ध्    becomes^(sometimes)  t त्.    EG: dadh  दध्  + ta  त = datta दत्त ^{(aspiration lost)} > dhatta  धत्त  ^{(aspiration regained)}
  4. Before unvoiced unaspirated consonants:
     • bh  भ्   becomes  b  ब्.     EG: labh लभ्  + ta त  = labta लब्त  > labdha  लब्ध  (ta took on both voicing & aspiration)

Homework:

• PG 97: Say out loud the √yuj paradigm.
• PG 102: Do exercises 7 a-h.

Questions:

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Recorded 6 March, 2022