Lesson 62: Sanskrit for Beginners Course: Past Passive Participle, Sanskrit Origins
Summary:
Passive practice sentences. Past Passive Participle. How Sanskrit alphabet came about.
Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two
Session deals with: VOL2, PG 62-71, 77
Practice Sentences:
PASSIVE:
| Balance, fruits-of-action, and cause-of-action is understood by the gurus. | samatvam, karmaphalāni, karmahetum ca gurubhiḥ avagamyante समत्वम्, कर्मफलानि, कर्महेतुम् च गुरुभिः अवगम्यन्ते |
| Success is made by much failure. | siddhiḥ (bahu + asiddhibhiḥ) bahvasiddhibhiḥ kriyate सिद्धिः (बहु + असिद्धिभिः) बह्वसिद्धिभिः क्रियते |
| Union of self and God is obtained if scriptures (are studied) by you. | yadi śrutayaḥ mayā patḥyante, tadā ātmanaḥ bhagavān ca yogaḥ labhyete यदि श्रुतयः मया पत्ःयन्ते, तदा आत्मनः भगवान् च योगः लभ्येते |
| Joy is desired by men, woman and children. | ānandaḥ naranārīprajābhiḥ iṣyate आनन्दः नरनारीप्रजाभिः इष्यते |
| Kingdom is enjoyed by the fortunate king. | rājyam bhagavatā rājñā ramyate राज्यम् भगवता राज्ञा रम्यते |
| Kingdoms are also enjoyed by the king’s subjects. | rājyāni api rājñaḥ prajābhiḥ ramyante राज्यानि अपि राज्ञः प्रजाभिः रम्यन्ते |
| Concern of the Vedas is known by the father of the family. | vedaviṣayaḥ kulasya pitrā budhyate वेदविषयः कुलस्य पित्रा बुध्यते |
| Concern of kitchen is known by the mother of the family. | pākaśālāviṣayaḥ kulasya mātrā budhyate पाकशालाविषयः कुलस्य मात्रा बुध्यते |
| Concern of school is known by the brother and sister. | vidyālayaviṣayaḥ bhrātrā svasrā ca budhyate विद्यालयविषयः भ्रात्रा स्वस्रा च बुध्यते |
RELATIVE-CORRELATIVE PRONOUN:
| The shelter which is desired by many, is said to be a fortunate one. | yat śaranam bahubhiḥ iṣyate, tat bhagavat ucyate यत् शरनम् बहुभिः इष्यते, तत् भगवत् उच्यते |
| The man who stands up in face of fear, is indeed a hero. | yaḥ naraḥ bhayasya mukhe uttiṣṭhati, sa vīraḥ eva bhavati यः नरः भयस्य मुखे उत्तिष्ठति, स वीरः एव भवति |
Sanskrit Origins:
How alphabet (akṣara-samāmnāya अक्षर-समाम्नाय) came?
- Revealed as sound clusters to Pāṇini, from drum (ḍamaru डमरु) beats held in Śiva's hand. Sound clusters called “māheśvara-sūtrāṇi” (14 sūtras).
- First 4 sūtrāṇi: (vowels)
- a i u ṇ अ इ उ ण्
- ṛ ḷ k ऋ ऌ क्
- e o ṅ ए ओ ङ्
- ai au c ऐ औ च्
- Next 10 sūtrāṇi: (consonants)
- ha ya va ra ṭ ह य व र ट्
- la ṇ ल ण्
- ña ma ṅa ṇa na m ञ म ङ ण न म्
- jha bha ñ झ भ ञ्
- gha ḍha bha ṣ घ ढ भ ष्
- ja ba ga ḍa da ś ज ब ग ड द श्
- kha pha cha ṭha tha ca ṭa ta v ख फ छ ठ थ च ट त व्
- ka pa y क प य्
- śa ṣa sa r श ष स र्
- ha l ह ल्
- Next step: Arranged according to which part of body the consonants originate from (VOL1PG9).
-
- Gluttural (from throat): kaṇṭhya
- Palatal (from palate): tālavya
- Cerebral (from roof of mouth): mūrdhanya
- Dental (from teeth): dantya
- Labial (from lips): oṣṭhya
- The last (pink) letter is a filler (excluded in final).
About Sanskrit syllables (akṣara अक्षर):
- Akṣara means: Syllable (cluster of vowels & consonants).
- EG: BG2.45 (8 syllables per line x 4 lines = anuṣṭubh अनुष्टुभ् metre, VOL2PG4)
traiguṇya-viṣaya vedā त्रैगुण्य-विषय वेदा
nistraiguṇyo-bhavārjuna निस्त्रैगुण्यो-भवार्जुन
nirdvandvo nitya-sattvastho निर्द्वन्द्वो नित्य-सत्त्वस्थो
niryoga-kṣema ātmavān निर्योग-क्षेम आत्मवान्
trai guṇ ya vi ṣa yā ve dā त्रै गुण् य वि ष या वे दा
nis trai guṇ yo bha vār ju na निस् त्रै गुण् यो भ वार् जु न
nir dvan dvo ni tya sat tvas tho निर् द्वन् द्वो नि त्य सत् त्वस् थो
nir yo ga kṣe ma āt ma vān निर् यो ग क्षे म आत् म वान्
- How to know WHERE to split syllables in a word? See VOL2PG64.
PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ppp):
- English equivalent:
- –ed
- EG:
- Sita (is/was desired) by Rāma.
- Students (are/were protected) from ignorance.
- EG:
- -en
- EG:
- Milk (is/was stolen) from the house.
- Truth (is/was spoken) by the guru.
- EG:
- –ed
- PPP = adj (LRB1,2,3)
- Most often used as verb (comes last).
- CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
- √root + -ta -त / -ita -इत / -īta -ईत / -na -न + LRB1,2,3
- EG:
- √iṣ इष् 6P > iṣta इष्त
- Sita (is/was desired) by Rāma.
sītā rāmeṇa iṣṭā सीता रामेण इष्टा
- Sita (is/was desired) by Rāma.
- √gup गुप् 1P > gupta गुप्त
- Student (are/were protected) from ignorance.
śiṣyāḥ avidyāyāḥ guptāḥ शिष्याः अविद्यायाः गुप्ताः
- Student (are/were protected) from ignorance.
- √paṭh पठ् 1P / √ram रम् 1Ā > paṭhita पठित / rata रत
- Read-book (is/was enjoyed) by the girl.
ADJ: (paṭhitam pustakam) kanyayā ratam पठितम् पुस्तकम्) कन्यया रतम्
COMPOUND: (paṭhitapustakam) kanyayā ratam पठितपुस्तकं कन्यया रतं
- Read-book (is/was enjoyed) by the girl.
- √labh लभ् 1Ā > labdha लब्ध
- Intellect (was obtained)PAST passive participle by the boy.
buddhiḥ bālena labdhā बुद्धिः बालेन लब्धा - Intellect (is obtained)PRESENT passive participle by the boy.
buddhiḥ bālena labdhā बुद्धिः बालेन लब्धा
- Intellect (was obtained)PAST passive participle by the boy.
- √iṣ इष् 6P > iṣta इष्त
- Negated with a अ / an अन् (if follows vowel)
- EG: Not desired: aniṣṭa अनिष्ट
Homework:
- PG67: Go over PPP words. Notice nearly all have “ta त” in them.
- PG77: Vocab words say out loud. And/or write out 1x.
- PG78: 5a, d, e, f, h, i, j
- Do backwards if have extra time.
Questions:
You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.
—
Recorded 6 Feb, 2022