Summary:

New vocab. Suffixes (1) mat/vat (2) ya (3) tva/tā.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two

Welcome to start of Semester 3.

Semester 3 will need:

• Vol 2 of the textbook. (Copyright: PDF for emergency use. Buy physical book to honor author's work).
• Little Red Book (LRB): Devanagari Ver | Roman IAST Ver.

This session deals with: CH19, PG 2-10.

Suffixes: ^(sfix)

2 kinds of suffixes ^(pratyaya):

1. Primary ^{(kṛt pratyaya)}:
   • ABOUT: Attaches end of verb √root.
   • FORMULA: (Root vowel strengthens to guṇa grade) + (primary suffix).
   • EG:
     • √vid   विद्  (know)   >  ved   + a      = veda       : knowledge
     • √yuj   युज्  (join)      >  yog   + a      = yoga        : union
     • √dṛś   दृश्  (see)      >  darś + ana  = darśana  : seeing
2. Secondary ^{(taddhita pratyaya)}:
   • Where placed? End of noun stems.
   • Forms nouns or adj ^{(in most cases)}.
   • First vowel in stem MAY ^{(although doesn't have to)} strengthen to vṛddhi grade.
     • EG when first vowel/syllable doesn't change to vṛddhi: sat > satya (n)  ^{(would expect: sātya)}

• • Below are the 3 major secondary suffixes we'll learn about…

• • mat/vat:
    • SUMMARY: Suffix which indicates: POSSESSING THAT THING / full of __ / filled with __.
      • EG: Possessing truth OR Full of truth OR Filled with truth. > Truthful.
    • In most cases, used as ADJ.
    • Formula: 
      • M/N:  noun stem + mat/vat  मत् / वत्     + LRB22/23
      • F:        noun stem + vatī          वती            + LRB11
    • RULE: When to use mat/vat?
      1. If stem ends in a/ā, use vat.
         • EG:
           • sukhavat     सुखवत्     : possessed of happiness > joyful.
           • dhanavat     धनवत्      : possessed of wealth       > wealthy.
      2. Other vowels/consonants, use mat/vat interchangeably.
         • EG: buddhimat   बुद्धिमत्     : full of intelligence > wise.
    • Examples:

• • ya:
    • SUMMARY: Suffix which indicates: Relating/belonging to, Deriving from.
    • Formula:  noun stem  +  ya  +  Decline like: nara, phala, senā
      • EG:   sat सत्   (existence)    >  satya   सत्य     : relating to existence > truth
    • RULE:
      1. If there is vowel end of stem, remove it before adding ‘ya‘.  EG:
         • danta  दन्त    (tooth)   >  dantya  दन्त्य    : relating to tooth   > dental
         • vīra       वीर  (hero)      >  vīrya      वीर्य     : relating to hero    > heroism
         • rājan   राजन्  (king)      >  rājya     राज्य    : relating to king     > kingdom
           • rāmarājya   रामराज्य     : Kingdom of Rāma ^(gen-tp.)
           • rāmarājye  रामराज्ये      : In the kingdom of Rāma ^(gen-tp.)
      2. Below examples also show the first vowel/syllable in stem undergoing vṛddhi strengthening:
         • śūra        शूर     (hero)            >  śaurya       शौर्य        (Heroism)
         • triguṇa  त्रिगुण   (3 gunas)      >  traiguṇya  त्रैगुण्य      (Relating to the 3 guṇās)
         • paṇḍita पण्डित   (wise man)   >  pāṇḍitya   पाण्डित्य    (cleverness,  skillfulness)
         • We also see vṛddhi strengthening in some Sanskrit words like:
           • putra   (son)          >  pautra  ^(mf[ī]n) (grandson)
           • janaka (a king)      >  jānakī               (his daughter Sītā)

• • tva/tā: 
    • SUMMARY: Suffix which indicates: STATE OF BEING __.
    • In 99% of cases, declines like LRB2.
    • EG:
      • State of being happy   > happiness.
      • State of being a man   > manhood.
      • State of being noble    > nobility.
    • Formula: noun stem + tva  -त्व  ^{(n, rarely mas)}   (or)  tā  -ता  ^(fem)
      • EG:
        • sat  सत्            (existence)    >  sattva   सत्त्व               (purity)
        • nitya              (eternal)          >  nityatva                    (eternity)
        • amṛta            (immortal)      >  amṛtatva                   (immortality)
        • śṛgāla शृगाल    (jackal)           >  śṛgālatva  शृगालत्व     (state of being a jackal)

Homework:

• Go over once: Spoken Sanskrit 19 – Getting Around.
• Memorize Vocab on pg 14.
  
• Say out loud paradigm on LRB 22-23. Also notice the endings.
• Do following exercises on pg 15:
  • 5b, e, g, h
  • 6a, c, e, h

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 31 Oct, 2021