Summary:

Summary of all compounds in Sanskrit.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

This session deals with: CH18, pg 235-237.

4 Groups of Compounds:

1) Dvandva    द्वन्द्व    ^L18

• • All members important.
  • 2 Types:
    1. itaretara       इतरेतर
       • X and Y.
       • EG: sītārāmau: Sītā and Rāma.
    2. samāhāra    समाहार
       • Show opposites.
       • Always single, neuter.
       • EG: sukhaduḥkham: Joy and sorrow.

2) Tatpuruṣa     तत्पुरुष   ^L18-19

• • Second member important.
  • 6 Types:
    1. case-tp    (vyadhikaraṇa-tp  व्यधिकरण-त्प् ) ^L18
       • EG of gen-tp: rāmaputraḥ: Son of Rāma.
       • Also this category: pronoun + noun. 
    2. kd            (karmadhāraya      कर्मधारय ) ^L18
       • Adj + noun  (or)  Noun + noun.
       • EG: śuklamālā: White garland. 
    3. tpu         (upapada                 उपपद ) ^L19
       • Last member formed from verb root + declined like a noun ^{(nara, senā, phala)}. TPU = adj.
       • EG: sattva + √sthā  (सत्त्व + √स्था)  = sattvastha^(adj)  सत्त्वस्थ      : Established in purity.
         • Man established in purity.        > sattvasthaḥ naraḥ    सत्त्वस्थः नरः
         • Woman established in purity   > sattvasthā nārī          सत्त्वस्था नारी
       • EG: śāstra + √jña (know)  (शास्त्र + √ज्ञ) =  śāstrajña^(adj)  शास्त्रज्ञ   : Knower of the śāstra.
         • (Krishna and Rāma)^itaretara  are (knowers of the scriptures). > kṛṣnarāmau śāstrajñau staḥ  कृष्नरामौ शास्त्रज्ञौ स्तः 
    4. nañ  नञ्   /  samāsana  समासन  : (Antonym, negative, opposite)
       • “na” (not) is reduced to “a” or “an“, and used to negate (antonym). ^L18
       • Formula: add ‘a‘ prefix to: adj, nouns, gerunds.
         • EG nouns           :  typical/atypical,  vidyā/avidyā  विद्या/अविद्या.
         • EG gerund         :  gatvā/agatvā गत्वा/अगत्वा    (having not gone).
         • EG compound  :  karmākarma कर्माकर्म  > karma akarma.
       • Can NOT negate verbs.
         • NOTE: Above ‘a‘ prefix is different from ‘a‘ prefix used in imperfect verbs.
       • RULE: If word begins with vowel, negate with ‘an‘ prefix.
         • EG: aerobic/anaerobic, uditvā/anuditvā  उदित्वा/अनुदित्वा  
    5. prādi  प्रादि :
       • Prefix ^{(one of Pāṇini's prefixes contained on pg197)}  +  noun.
       • Whole comp. used as nominal.
       • EG: anusvāra अनुस्वार  > anu + svāraḥ (after sound). 
    6. gati गति :
       • Prefix ^{(any indeclinable word)}  +  noun.
       • Whole comp. used as nominal.
       • EG: antaryāmin अन्तर्यामिन् > antar yāmin (inner ruler).

3) Bahuvrīhi (bv)       बहुव्रीहि    ^L21

• • All members equally important.
  • Implied meaning.
    • EG: Harry was a Redcoat.  >  (1) Harry is one whose coat is red (2) Harry is a British solider.
  • Bahuvrihi is always an adj, and it's describing a noun OUTSIDE the compound. What's more, the last member will take declension of the noun it's describing. Thus last member may NOT follow it's own paradigm declension.
  • EG: kanyā rāgamukhā asti   कन्या रागमुखा अस्ति
    • 2 things to notice:
      1. rāgamukhā  रागमुखा   >  One whose face/head is red  >  A read-head.
      2. mukham मुखम्  is neuter. But it takes on kanyā कन्या  ^(fem) paradigm. 
  • General Formula:
    • One whose last_member is first_member.
    • EG: Girl is (one whose face is red) > Girl is a redhead.

4) Avyayībhāva       अव्ययीभाव   ^L18

• • Summary: Indeclinable/prefix + noun = adverb ^(declines) or  indeclinable.
  • EG:
    • prati + niśam प्रति + निशम्        : every night
    • anu + ratham                        : behind the chariots
    • adhi + ātma                           : adhyātmā    अध्यात्मा   (concerning the self)

Homework:

• PG 239:
  • 4 g-k
  • 5 g-k

Questions:

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Recorded 5 Sept, 2021