Lesson 46: Sanskrit for Beginners Course: Tatpuruṣa/Karmadhāraya Compound
Summary:
Summary of dvandva (itaretara/samahara). Two new compounds: tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya
Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One
This session deals with: CH18, pg 233-235
COMPOUNDS:
- General Info:
- Compounds are words joined together, to create ONE unit.
- Written without spaces or hyphens.
- ✓ CORRECT: sitārāmau सितारामौ
- ✗ INCORRECT: sitā–rāmau सिता–रामौ
- Made from combo of noun-stem, adj-stem, pronoun-stem.
- How to form?
- Member1STEM + Member2STEMdeclension
- All members are in stem form. Last member is declined.
- EG: śuklanaram/ena/āya
- Sandhi applies between members.
-
dvandva:
- ABOUT: Has 2 types. All members important (meaning the compound wouldn't make sense if any member was missing).
-
- TYPE 1: itaretara: “X and Y”.
- EG: Sītā and Rāma are going. : sītā rāmaḥ ca gacchataḥ > sītārāmau gacchataḥ सीतारामौ गच्छतः
- EG: Sītā and Rāma are going. : sītā rāmaḥ ca gacchataḥ > sītārāmau gacchataḥ सीतारामौ गच्छतः
- TYPE 1: itaretara: “X and Y”.
-
- TYPE 2: samāhāra
- Used exclusively for two opposite words (EG: hot/cold). Always declines as Neuter, singular.
- EG:
- Happiness and suffering : sukham duḥkham ca > sukhaduḥkham सुखदुःखम्
- Of action and of inaction : karmaṇaḥ akarmaṇaḥ ca > karmākarmasya कर्माकर्मस्य
- TYPE 2: samāhāra
-
tatpuruṣa:
- ABOUT:
- Has 6 types. We'll learn 2 types in CH18. For all 6 types, only last member is important.
- RULE: Final member more important. Meaning, if 1st member was missing, sentence still makes sense.
- EG: rāmaputraḥ gacchati रामपुत्रः गच्छति : Rāma's son is going.
- Can say “Son is going“. But can't say “Of Rāma is going.“
- EG: rāmaputraḥ gacchati रामपुत्रः गच्छति : Rāma's son is going.
- Has 6 types. We'll learn 2 types in CH18. For all 6 types, only last member is important.
- ABOUT:
-
- TYPE 1: Case-tatpuruṣa (case-tp)
- About:
- It's called “case” because whatever is case of the FIRST member, that's the name of the compound.
- EG:
- genitive-tp: Rāma's kingdom (rāmarājyam).
- ablative-tp: Children from the city (nagaraprajāḥ).
- EG:
- Members can be in same/different cases.
- EG: I see a boy (at the bankloc of the rivergen). : nadyāḥ taṭe bālam paśyāmi > nadītaṭe bālam paśyāmi नदीतटे बालम् पश्यामि
- It's called “case” because whatever is case of the FIRST member, that's the name of the compound.
- About:
- TYPE 1: Case-tatpuruṣa (case-tp)
-
-
- CASE-TP Examples:
- CASE-TP Examples:
-
Forest is full of fruit | vanam phalānām pūrṇam asti | vanam phalapūrṇam asti वनम् फलपूर्णम् अस्ति |
Book of/from/with the man | narasya pustakam | narapustakam नरपुस्तकम् |
In the kingdom of Rāma | rāmasya rājye | rāmarājye रामराज्ये |
What is the cause of happiness? | kā sukhasya hetuḥ | kā sukhahetuḥ का सुखहेतुः |
Friends from from the house in the village. | mitrāni grāme gṛhāt āgacchanti | mitrāni grāmagṛhāt āgacchanti मित्रानि ग्रामगृहात् आगच्छन्ति |
Sītā speaks to the sage atloc the pond. | sītā vāpyām munim lapati | sītā vāpīmunim lapati सीता वापीमुनिम् लपति |
Slain by the king. | nṛpāya hataḥ | nṛpahataḥ नृपहतः |
Son of the the two god | devayoḥ putraḥ | devaputraḥ देवपुत्रः |
Subject matter of the Vedas | vedānām viṣayaḥ | vedaviṣayaḥ वेदविषयः |
(Girl of Sītā) is very beautiful. | (sītāyāḥ kanyā) ativa sundarī asti | sītākanyā atīva sundaryasti सीताकन्या अतीव सुन्दर्यस्ति |
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-
- PRONOUN + NOUN:
- Examples:
- My boy : mama bālaḥ > madbālaḥ मद्बालः
- Your girl : tava kanyā > tvadkanyā त्वद्कन्या
- RULE:
- For sandhi joining, treat pronoun's _d द् … as: _t त्
- EG:
- My mom: mad+ mātā = manmātā (t + m = n) मद् + माता = मन्माता
- Your water: tvad + jalam = tvajjalam (t + j = j) त्वद् + जलम् = त्वज्जलम्
- His man: tad + puruṣaḥ = tatpuruṣaḥ (t + p = t) तद् + पुरुषः = तत्पुरुषः
- Examples:
- PRONOUN + NOUN:
-
-
- TYPE 2: karmadhāraya (kd)
- About:
- All members in same case. Meaning it's basically adjective (1st member) qualifying a noun (last member).
- First member DESCRIBES the last member.
- About:
- TYPE 2: karmadhāraya (kd)
-
-
- ADJ + NOUN Examples:
-
White garland | śuklā (mf[ā]n) mālā | śuklamālā शुक्लमाला Why not ā अ ? See rule below. |
Dear boy | priyaḥ bālaḥ | priyabālaḥ प्रियबालः |
In the beautiful forest | sundare vane | sundaravane सुन्दरवने |
Virtuous army | dharmikī (mf[ī]n) senā | dharmikasenā धर्मिकसेना Why not ī ई ? See rule below. |
Of much happiness | bahunaḥgen sukhasyagen | bahusukhasya बहुसुखस्य |
Heavy cow | gurvī nom (mf[vī]n) dhenuḥnom | gurudhenuḥ गुरुधेनुः |
Beautiful little cow | sundarī fem alpā fem dhenuḥfem | sundarālpadhenuḥ सुन्दराल्पधेनुः |
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-
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- RULE (only applies to KD's > ADJ + NOUN): If 1st member fem STEM ends in: ā आ, ī ई — then make it end in: a अ
- EG: sundarī (mf[ī]n) mālā: Beautiful garland.
- ✗ Wrong: sundarīmālā सुन्दरीमाला
- ✓ Correct: sundaramālā सुन्दरमाल
- ✗ Wrong: sundarīmālā सुन्दरीमाला
- EG: sundarī (mf[ī]n) mālā: Beautiful garland.
- RULE (only applies to KD's > ADJ + NOUN): If 1st member fem STEM ends in: ā आ, ī ई — then make it end in: a अ
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-
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- NOUN + NOUN:
- English equivalent: Air + plane = Airplane. Riverbank. Crossroad.
- Examples:
- King tree : nṛpaḥ vṛkṣaḥ > nṛpavṛkṣaḥ नृपवृक्षः
- Earth hole : bhūmiḥ bilam > bhūmibilam भूमिबिलम्
- River bank : nadī taṭaḥ > nadītaṭaḥ नदीतटः
- Sage father: muniḥ pitā > munipitā
- Kurukshetra land: kurukṣetram bhūmiḥ > kurukṣetrabhūmiḥ
- Can decline like a single word.
- EG:
- He fell (in the earth-hole) : sa bhūmibile apatat स भूमिबिले अपतत्
- I walk to the king-tree : ahaṃ nṛpavṛksamacc gacchāmi अहं नृपवृक्सं गच्छामि
- I rest (by the river-bank) : ahaṃ nadītaṭena śraye अहं नदीतटेन श्रये
- EG:
- NOUN + NOUN:
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Homework:
- Chant new verse: Fate or Effort
- Create sentences:
- 5x case-tp. EG: (Health in the child) is shining. Girl remembers the (men from the village).
- 5x kd. EG: My (intolerant friend) ate (my delicious cake).
Questions:
You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.
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Recorded 22 Aug, 2021