Lesson 46: Sanskrit for Beginners Course: Tatpuruṣa/Karmadhāraya Compound

Summary:

Summary of dvandva (itaretara/samahara). Two new compounds: tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One


This session deals with: CH18, pg 233-235

COMPOUNDS:

  • General Info:
    1. Compounds are words joined together, to create ONE unit.
    2. Written without spaces or hyphens.
      • CORRECT: sitārāmau       सितारामौ
      • INCORRECT: sitārāmau सितारामौ
    3. Made from combo of noun-stem, adj-stem, pronoun-stem.
  • How to form?
    • Member1STEM + Member2STEMdeclension
    • All members are in stem form. Last member is declined.
      • EG: śuklanaram/ena/āya
    • Sandhi applies between members.

 

  • dvandva:

    • ABOUT: Has 2 types. All members important (meaning the compound wouldn't make sense if any member was missing).
    • TYPE 1: itaretara: “X and Y”.
      • EG: Sītā and Rāma are going.    : sītā rāmaḥ ca gacchataḥ > sītārāmau gacchataḥ   सीतारामौ गच्छतः
    • TYPE 2: samāhāra
      • Used exclusively for two opposite words (EG: hot/cold). Always declines as Neuter, singular.
      • EG:
        • Happiness and suffering : sukham duḥkham ca         > sukhaduḥkham  सुखदुःखम्
        • Of action and of inaction : karmaṇaḥ akarmaṇaḥ ca  > karmākarmasya  कर्माकर्मस्य
  • tatpuruṣa:

    • ABOUT:
      • Has 6 types. We'll learn 2 types in CH18. For all 6 types, only last member is important.
      • RULE: Final member more important.  Meaning, if 1st member was missing, sentence still makes sense.
        • EG: rāmaputraḥ gacchati   रामपुत्रः गच्छति   :   Rāma's son is going.
          • Can say “Son is going“. But can't say “Of Rāma is going.
    • TYPE 1: Case-tatpuruṣa (case-tp)
      • About:
        • It's called “case” because whatever is case of the FIRST member, that's the name of the compound.
          • EG:
            • genitive-tp: Rāma's kingdom (rāmarājyam).
            • ablative-tp: Children from the city (nagaraprajāḥ).
        • Members can be in same/different cases.
          • EG: I see a boy (at the bankloc of the rivergen). : nadyāḥ taṭe bālam paśyāmi > nadītaṭe bālam paśyāmi   नदीतटे बालम् पश्यामि

 

      • CASE-TP Examples:
Forest is full of fruit vanam phalānām pūrṇam asti vanam phalapūrṇam asti
वनम् फलपूर्णम् अस्ति
Book of/from/with the man narasya pustakam narapustakam  नरपुस्तकम्
In the kingdom of Rāma rāmasya rājye rāmarājye  रामराज्ये
What is the cause of happiness? kā sukhasya hetuḥ sukhahetuḥ  का सुखहेतुः
Friends from from the house in the village. mitrāni grāme gṛhāt āgacchanti mitrāni grāmagṛhāt āgacchanti 
मित्रानि ग्रामगृहात् आगच्छन्ति
Sītā speaks to the sage atloc the pond. sītā vāpyām munim lapati sītā vāpīmunim lapati 
सीता वापीमुनिम् लपति
Slain by the king. nṛpāya hataḥ nṛpahataḥ  नृपहतः
Son of the the two god devayoḥ putraḥ devaputraḥ  देवपुत्रः
Subject matter of the Vedas vedānām viṣayaḥ vedaviṣayaḥ  वेदविषयः
(Girl of Sītā) is very beautiful. (sītāyāḥ kanyā) ativa sundarī asti sītākanyā atīva sundaryasti
सीताकन्या अतीव सुन्दर्यस्ति

 

      • PRONOUN + NOUN:
          

        • Examples:
          • My boy      : mama bālaḥ       > madbālaḥ       मद्बालः
          • Your girl    : tava kanyā         > tvadkanyā      त्वद्कन्या
        • RULE:
          • For sandhi joining, treat pronoun's  _d द्  … as: _t त्
          • EG:
            • My mom:     mad+ mātā      = manmātā    (t + m = n)    मद्  + माता  = मन्माता
            • Your water: tvad + jalam     = tvajjalam    (t + j = j)        त्वद् + जलम् = त्वज्जलम्
            • His man:      tadpuruṣaḥ = tatpuruṣaḥ (t + p = t)       तद्  + पुरुषः  = तत्पुरुषः

 

    • TYPE 2: karmadhāraya (kd)
      • About:
        • All members in same case. Meaning it's basically adjective (1st member) qualifying a noun (last member).
        • First member DESCRIBES the last member.

 

      • ADJ + NOUN Examples:
White garland śuklā (mf[ā]n) mālā śuklamālā   शुक्लमाला
Why not ā अ ? See rule below.
Dear boy priyaḥ bālaḥ priyabālaḥ   प्रियबालः
In the beautiful forest sundare vane sundaravane   सुन्दरवने
Virtuous army dharmikī (mf[ī]n) senā dharmikasenā    धर्मिकसेना
Why not ī ई ? See rule below.
Of much happiness bahunaḥgen sukhasyagen bahusukhasya   बहुसुखस्य
Heavy cow gurvī nom (mf[vī]n) dhenuḥnom gurudhenuḥ   गुरुधेनुः
Beautiful little cow sundarī fem alpā fem dhenuḥfem sundarālpadhenuḥ   सुन्दराल्पधेनुः
        • RULE (only applies to KD's > ADJ + NOUN): If 1st member fem STEM ends in: ā आ ī ई — then make it end in: a अ
          • EG: sundarī (mf[ī]n) mālā: Beautiful garland.
            • ✗ Wrong:  sundarīmālā       सुन्दरीमाला
            •  Correct:  sundaramālā     सुन्दरमाल

 

      • NOUN + NOUN:
        • English equivalent: Air + plane = Airplane. Riverbank. Crossroad.
        • Examples:
          • King tree    : nṛpaḥ vṛkṣaḥ    > nṛpavṛkṣaḥ      नृपवृक्षः
          • Earth hole  : bhūmiḥ bilam > bhūmibilam   भूमिबिलम्
          • River bank : nadī taṭaḥ         > nadītaṭaḥ         नदीतटः
          • Sage father: muniḥ pitā        > munipitā
          • Kurukshetra land: kurukṣetram bhūmiḥ > kurukṣetrabhūmiḥ
        • Can decline like a single word.
          • EG:
            • He fell (in the earth-hole)  :  sa bhūmibile apatat                        भूमिबिले अपतत्
            • I walk to the king-tree        :  ahaṃ nṛpavṛksamacc gacchāmi     अहं नृपवृक्सं गच्छामि
            • I rest (by the river-bank)    :  ahaṃ nadītaṭena śraye                   अहं नदीतटेन श्रये

Homework:

  • Chant new verse: Fate or Effort
  • Create sentences:
    • 5x case-tp. EG: (Health in the child) is shining.  Girl remembers the (men from the village).
    • 5x kd. EG: My (intolerant friend) ate (my delicious cake).

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

 

Recorded 22 Aug, 2021

 

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