Summary:

Compound > Dvandva > Itaretara

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

This session deals with: CH16, pg 210.

Dvandva Compound:

• What is “dvandva”? It means: Two words. So two or more words associated, making up ONE whole word.
• Dvandva has 2 types:
  1. Itaretra
     • What is “itaretara”? Study 3 examples below…
       • Example 1:
         • English:                        Man and son.
         • Ordinary:                    naraḥ putraḥ ca   नरः पुत्रः च
         • Dvandva itaretara:  naraputrau  नरपुत्रौ
       • Example 2:
         • English:                          Man, son and sage.
         • Ordinary:                      naraḥ putraḥ muniḥ ca  नरः पुत्रः मुनिः च
         • Dvandva itaretara:   naraputramunayaḥ  नरपुत्रमुनयः
       • Example 3:
         • English:                       From the sage and from the army.
         • Ordinary:                    muneḥ senāyāḥ ca  मुनेः सेनायाः च
         • Dvandva itaretara: munisenābhyām  मुनिसेनाभ्याम्
     • What do you notice from above?
       1. All words (except the LAST word) — are written in STEM format.
       2. If 2 words — LAST word is DUAL. ^{Example 1/3}
       3. If more then 2 words — LAST word is PLURAL. ^{Example 2}
       4. LAST word is declined according to the paradigm of the LAST word. ^{Example 1/2/3}
     • DOUBT: Look at Example 2 above again.
       • How to know whether it's saying:
         • Men, sons and sages. OR…
         • Man, son and sage. OR…
         • Any other combo.
       • ANSWER: Context of story will tell. If story mentioned three men, one son and many sages  — then you'll know Example 2 is referring to that many.
     • SPECIAL RULE FOR WORDS ENDING IN -AN: ^{(pg 212 #14)}
       • If STEM ends in –an (EG: rājan, karman, ātman, nāman) — the word loses last letter “n“.
       • If LAST word ends in -an, then it ALWAYS takes nara pardigm ^{(LRB 1)}.
       • Example:
         • Self and king: ātmarājau  आत्मराजौ 
            
           • Notice ātman has lost the “n“.
           • Notice LAST word takes nara paradigm.
  2. Samāhāra
     • Next session.

Homework:

• Go over Spoken Sanskrit 17 (Birds and Animals).
• Revise last verse: Established in Yoga.
• Create 1 sentence using dvandva itaretara. EG: Horse obtains (food and water) > aśvaḥ bhojanajale labhate
• Create 5 long sentences using this sheet: PDF | MS Word: IAST, Devanāgarī
  

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 27 June, 2021