Summary:

Entire CH14. New spoken Sanskrit. Using Sandhi in LRB. Verbal prefixes. Imperfect (past tense). New verbs.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

This session deals with: CH14, pg 182-191.

Verb Prefix:

• Subtly modifies verb meaning.
  • English EG: receive, perceive
  • Sanskrit EG:
    • ā आ : motion towards, return, to [some object].
      • Same as Eng: Adventure (towards a venture).
      • ā + gacchati = āgacchati  आगच्छति   : He comes.
    • prati  प्रति  : back to, against.
      • prati + gacchati = pratigacchati  प्रतिगच्छति   : He returns, He goes back.
• Verb prefix can also be used front of nouns, but rarely seen. It's mostly seen front of verbs.
• Most verb prefixes change meaning of verb, but only a little. Few verb prefixes change the meaning entirely.
  • EG: avagacchati  अवगच्छति  : He goes down, He understands.
• Subject to sandhi.
• Verb prefix before gerund? Then end gerund with -ya -य, and NOT -tvā -त्वा.
  • EG: ā आ  +  √gam गम्  =  āgatya आगत्य  (Having come)  VS.  √gam गम्  = gatvā गत्वा (Having gone)
• Verb prefix determines if verb takes Paramaipada or Ātmanepada ending. Dictionary will tell.

Imperfect (past tense):

• What is it?
  • Past tense. Formed from present stem (EG: gaccha गच्छ, manya मन्य). Has a अ before stem. Has own set of endings [found here Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)].
• CONSTRUCTION FORMULA: 
  • Parasmaipada:
    • a अ  +  STEM  +  P [ Garden PG4 (45, 46) ]
    • EG:  a   अ  +  vada वद         +   t  त्       =  avadat अवदत्        : He spoke/said.
  • Ātmanepada:
    • a अ  +  STEM  +  Ā [ Garden PG4 (53, 54) ]
    • EG:  a   अ  +  bhāṣa भाष     +   ta अत   =  abhāṣata अभाषत  : He spoke/said.

Verb Prefix  +  Imperfect:

• We learned that verb prefix slightly modifies meaning of verb. EG: pratigacchati प्रतिगच्छति (He returns). But what if we want to make pratigacchati प्रतिगच्छति into an imperfect (He returned)? Then apply formula below…
  • verb prefix    +   a अ   +  stem    +   imperfect ending
• Example:
  • prati प्रति  +   a अ   +  gaccha गच्छ    +    t त्           :  pratyagacchat  प्रत्यगच्छत्     (She returned)
  • ā       आ    +   a अ   +  gaccha गच्छ    +   am अम्    :  āgaccham          आगच्छम्      (I came)

• Examples (mixing verb prefix and imperfect. All new verbs are on PG191):

Homework:

• Go over Spoken Sanskrit 13 (Talking about dates).
• Write out imperfect (past tense) paradigm on pg: 189.
• Memorize new vocab on pg 191.
• Do all CH14 exercises on pg 192-194.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 16 May, 2021