Lesson 34: Sanskrit for Beginners Course: Relative-Correlative (Who, By Which)

Summary:

Relative-Correlative Pronouns (Whom/which).

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

This session deals with: CH13, PG 173, #6-#11.

Relative-Correlative Pronouns:

  • What is relative-correlative pronoun?
    • We already know what a Pronoun is. They're found in LRB 32-34.
    • To turn a pronoun into relative pronoun version (Who, Which, What) — just replace first letter with “y“.
      • EG:
        • tayā तया (with her/that ) > yayā यया (with whom/which)
        • tena तेन (with him/that) > yena येन (with whom/which)
      • Here's is example table for masculine pronouns (LRB  32). Same applies for Neuter/Fem (just replace first letter with “y“).
How to generate relative pronouns from above pronouns? Just replace first letter with “y“. Applies to MAS/N/FEM (LRB 32-34)
    • SIDE NOTE:
      • Regarding Masculine (NOM, SINGLE): saḥ सः
        1. Drops ḥ before all consonants/vowels, except before “a“.
          • EG: saḥ atra सः अत्र = so ‘tra सो ऽत्र
        2. Usually seen as: sa स
        3. Has sandhi when joining to vowels.
          • EG: sa api स अपि = sāpi सापि
      • Regarding Masculine (NOM, SINGLE): yaḥ यः
        • #1 & #2 don't apply above. Only #3 applies.
          • EG: yaḥ api  यः अपि = yo ‘pi  यो ऽपि
  • How to translate (English > Sanskrit):
    The man who goes is the king.
Style 1: *more common
 Style 2:
  • Step 1: Isolate the relative clause.  All else is correlative clause.
    • I see the man who is going.
  • Step 2: Isolate the antecedent.
    • I see the man who is going.
  • Step 3: Put relative word first.
    • Which
  • Step 4: Put antecedent second.
    • What is Antecedent?
      • Word which correlative and relative clause refer back to. In short, it's the main object of discussion in the sentence.
    • Which man
  • Step 5: Fill in rest of relative clause.
    • Which man is going,
  • Step 6: Place correlative clause at end.
    • Which man is going, I see.
  • Step 7: Add correlative word before correlative clause.
    • What is correlative word?
      • An extra word you add, which is not in original English sentence. It's a pronoun which refers back to the antecedent.
    • Which man is going, him I see.
  • Step 8: Translate to Sanskrit.
    • yaḥ naraḥ gacchati tam paśyāmi
      यः  नरः  गच्छति  तं  पश्यामि
  • Step 1: Isolate the relative clause.  All else is correlative clause.
    • I see the man who is going.
  • Step 2: Isolate the antecedent.
    • I see the man who is going.
  • Step 3: Copy-paste relative word clause first in sentence.
    • Who is going,
  • Step 4: Put antecedent next.
    • Who is going, man
  • Step 5: Put correlative clause next.
    • Who is going, man I see.
  • Step 6: Insert correlative word before antecedent.
    • Who is going, that man I see.
  • Step 7: Translate to Sanskrit.
    • yaḥ gacchati tam naram paśyāmi
      यः  गच्छति  तं  नरं  पश्यामि
  • How to translate (Sanskrit > English):
    yaḥ naraḥ satyam paśyati tasmai avidyā chāyā iva bhavati
    यः  नरः  सत्यं  पश्यति  तस्मै अविद्या  छाया  इव  भवति     

    • Step 1: Translate directly to English.
      • Which man sees the truth, for him ignorance like shadow is.
    • Step 2: Put antecedent first.
      • Man
    • Step 3: Put relative word clause next.
      • Man who sees the truth,
    • Step 4: Put correlative word clause last.
      • Man who sees the truth, for him ignorance is like a shadow.
    • Step 5 (Put proper English order): Correlative clause antecedent relative clause.
      • Ignorance is like a shadow for the man who sees the truth.
  • Sentences for Practice:
English: Sanskrit: (Only Style 1 is provided. For practice, you do Style 2)
  • Original: I speak to the girl who is going.
  • Style 1: Which girl goes, (to) her I speak to.
  • Style 2: Who is going, (to) that girl I speak to.
  • Style 1:
    yā kanyā gacchati tāṃ vadāmi
    या कन्या गच्छति तां वदामि
  • Original: The king sees the elephant on which I stand.
  • Style 1: On which elephant I stand, that king sees.
  • Style 2: On which I stand, that elephant king sees.
  • Style 1:
     yasmin gaje tiṣṭhāmi taṃ nṛpaḥ paśyati
    यस्मिन् गजे तिष्ठामि तं नृपः पश्यति
  • Original: The man who goes to the forest is the sage.
  • Style 1: Which man goes to the forest, he is the sage.
  • Style 2: Who goes to the forest, that man is the sage.
  • Style 1:
     yaḥ naraḥ vanam gacchati sa muniḥ bhavati
    यः नरः वनम् गच्छति स मुनिः भवति
  • I see the army with whom Rāma goes.
  • Style 1: With which army Rāma goes, that I see.
  • Style 2: With whom Rāma goes,  that army I see.
  • Style 1:
    tayā     senayā saha rāmaḥ gacchati tāṃ paśyāmi
    तया सेनया सह रामः गच्छति तां पश्यामि
  • Original: Rāma lives in the village in which Sītā lives.
  • Style 1: In which village Sītā lives, in that Rāma lives.
  • Style 2: In which Sītā lives, in that village Rāma lives.
  • Style 1:
    yasmin grāme sītā vasati tasmin rāmaḥ vasati
    यस्मिन् ग्रामे सीता वसति तस्मिन् रामः वसति
  • Original: You live with truth with which I live.
  • Style 1: With which truth I live, with that you live.
  • Style 2: With which I live, with that truth you live.
  • Style 1:
    yena     satyena saha ahaṃ vasāmi tena saha tvaṃ vasasi
    येन सत्येन सह अहं वसामि तेन सह त्वं वससि
  • Original: The man who goes, is the king.
  • Style 1: Which man goes, he is the king.
  • Style 2: Who goes, that man is the king.
  • Style 1:
    yaḥ naraḥ gacchati sa nṛpaḥ asti
    यः नरः गच्छति स नृपः अस्ति
    • NOTICE: The antecedent connects the correlative and relative clause.

Homework:

Questions:

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Recorded 2 May, 2021

Lesson 33
Index
Lesson 35

 

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