Summary:

Vowel strengthening. Sandhi revision. Nouns with stems ending in: ī  ई  (EG: nadī नदी). Relative-Correlative Clauses.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

This session deals with: CH13, pg 167-172

Vowel Strength:

• What is it?
  • Vowel progression that happens in different grammar forms. EG: Swim, swam, swum
  • 2 things are noticed in above:
    1. Only vowel changes.
    2. It changes the meaning of the word.
• Why should I know about this?
  • 2 Reasons:
    1. Confidence:
       • Helps you understand HOW roots are strengthened to form verbs/nouns.
    2. Word Meaning:
       • In Sanskrit, one doesn't have to learn entire dictionary of words. But only the roots (2000+). If can extract the root out of the word, then can approximate the word meaning.
  • Example that Illustrates both Reasons above: √dhṛ > dhar(ma) > dhār(mika)      √धृ > धर्(म) > धार्(मिक)
    • Next time we see word “dharma” — we can recognize it came from √dhṛ. If we know √dhṛ means “to uphold, sustain, maintain” — we can approximate meaning of “dharma“.
      
    • Refer to pg 167, #2 for more examples.

Sandhi:

• Pg 167 #4-8 revises sandhi.
• When NOT to apply sandhi: ^{(pg 170, #9)}
  • If word1 ends in i, ī, u, ū, e (इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए) — and declines as dual ending (EG: phale, “2 fruit”).
    • EG:
      1. bāle āgacchataḥ  (बाले आगच्छतः)  ^{(Two girls come)}
          
         • Should be: bāla āgacchataḥ. But it's IMMUNE to sandhi (due to above rule) — thus REMAINS: bāle āgacchataḥ
      2. nagare ahaṃ paśyāmi (नगरे अहं पश्यामि)  ^{(I see two cities)}
         • REMAINS same because nagare is dual.
         • But what if we say “I see in the city” > nagare ahaṃ paśyāmi > Then we apply sandhi > nagare ‘haṃ paśyāmi  (नगरे ऽहं पश्यामि)
           
  • Don't apply sandhi on Vocative (when addressing something/someone).
    • EG: aho aśvaḥ tatra gacchati > Remains exactly the same (don't touch o).

Homework:

• Write out new paradigm on pg 171, or LRB 11.
• Memorize new vocab with ” ī ” words on pg 178.
• Produce 10 sentences using new words on pg 178,

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 18 April, 2021