Summary:

Third person pronouns (Vol 1, pg 146-148).

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

Resources:

• Class exercises

3rd Person Pronouns:

• What are they?
  • The actual word for “He“, “She“, “It/That“. Meaning 3 new paradigms to be familiarized with.
  • Now we can say:
    • She goes to him.
    • He goes without them.
    • They serve her.
    • His son is their hero.
    • I come from him.
    • You remember her son.
    • That is my brother.
• MASCULINE:
  • This paradigm will be used to address nouns which are masculine in nature.

• • Rule: ^{(pg 147, #5)}
    • The word ” saḥ  सः “ ^{(nom, sing)} will always lose the ḥ — no matter what word follows it.  So always write it: sa   स
      • EG:
        • saḥ bālaḥ    = sa bālaḥ       स बालः
        • saḥ paśyati = sa paśyati    स पश्यति
    • Exception to above rule. If next word starts with “a“, then: (1) saḥ changes to: so  (2) Next word “a” changes to: ‘ / ऽ
      • EG:
        • saḥ atra        = so ‘tra           सो ऽत्र
        • saḥ anyatra = so ‘nyatra    सो ऽन्यत्र
  • Examples:
    • He goes                               : sa gacchati    स गच्छति
    • Those two go                     : tau gacchataḥ    तौ गच्छतः
    • They all go                         : te gacchanti    ते गच्छन्ति
    • He goes to him                  : sa tam gacchati    स तम् गच्छति
    • He goes with them^(dual)  : sa tābhyām saha gacchati    स ताभ्याम् सह गच्छति
    • He goes with them^(pl)      : sa taiḥ saha gacchati    स तैः सह गच्छति
    • In him, I see happiness   : tasmin aham sukham paśyāmi    तस्मिन् अहम् सुखम् पश्यामि
    • You come from them^(pl)  : tvam tebhyaḥ āgacchasi     त्वम् तेभ्यः आगच्छसि
    • You come from him          : tvam tasmāt āgacchasi    त्वम् तस्मात् आगच्छसि
    • I obtain water from him  : aham tasmai jalam labhe    अहम् तस्मै जलम् लभे

• • Paradigm can also mean “that/those“. In which case, it will come before the noun it qualifies. Applies to all 3 paradigms (mas, fem, neuter). ^{(pg 149, #9, #10)}
    • EG:
      
      • That man goes.                              :  sa naraḥ gacchati      स नरः गच्छति
      • That boy remembers the deer.   : sa bālaḥ mṛgam pṛcchati   स बालः मृगम् पृच्छति
      • Those^(dual) heroes serve Rāma.  : tau vīrau rāmam sevete  तौ वीरौ रामम् सेवेते
      • Those^(pl) heroes serve Rāma.      : te vīrāḥ rāmam sevante    ते वीराः रामम् सेवन्ते
      • That man obtains water (for that king).  : sa naraḥ (tasmai nṛpam) jalam labhate    स नरः (तस्मै नृपम्) जलम् लभते
      • Rāma speaks (with that man).          : rāmaḥ (tena nareṇa saha) vadati      रामः (तेन नरेण सह) वदति
      • Rāma speaks  (with those men).      : rāmaḥ (taiḥ naraiḥ saha) vadati    रामः (तैः नरैः सह) वदति
      • I go to village (for those warriors).  : aham (tebhyaḥ^abl vīrebyaḥ^abl) grāmam gacchāmi    अहम् (तेभ्यः वीरेब्यः) ग्रामम् गच्छामि

• NEUTER:
  • This paradigm will be used to address nouns which are neuter in nature.

• • Examples:
    • I love that                                                             : aham tat^acc  snihyāmi    अहम् तत् स्निह्यामि
    • (That hymn) is beautiful                                    : (tat^nom sūktam^nom) sundaram^nom asti    तत् सूक्तम् सुन्दरम् अस्ति
    • (Those two scriptures) are are very virtuous : (te^nom śāstre^nom) atīva dhārmike staḥ    ते शास्त्रे अतीव धार्मिके स्तः
    • I come (from those houses)          : aham (tebhyaḥ gṛhebhyaḥ) āgacchāmi    अहम् (तेभ्यः गृहेभ्यः) आगच्छामि
    • You are that                                      : tvam tat asi    त्वम् तत् असि
    • (That food) is delicious                  : (tat^nom bhojanam^nom) svādiṣṭham^nom asti    तत् भोजनम् स्वादिष्ठम् अस्ति
    • Army lives (in those two forests) : senā (tayoḥ vanayoḥ) vasati    सेना (तयोः वनयोः) वसति
• FEMININE:
  • This paradigm will be used to address nouns which are feminine in nature ^{(eg: words on pg 150)}.

• • Examples:
    • She goes                           : sā gacchati
    • She goes (to her)            : sā tām gacchati
    • She goes (without her) : sā tayā vinā gacchati
    • She overcomes sorrow  : sā duḥkham jayate
    • You obtain the garland (from her) : tvam tasayāḥ mālām labhase
    • I see truth (in that child)                 : aham (tasyām prajāyām) paśyāmi
    • He sees truth (in those children)  : sa (tāsu prajāsu) paśyati
    • (That garland) is beautiful              : (sā mālā) sundarī asti
    • I adore the happiness (in her)         : aham tasyām sukham^acc snihyāmi

Homework:

• Write out sandhi table for: (replicate and say out loud for memory retention purposes)
  • vowels (pg 89)
  • visarga (pg 108)
  • t/n/m (pg 126)
• Write out senā paradigm (pg 145). Say out loud.
• Write out pronoun (pg 128-129): I / you.
• Write out 3rd person pronouns pg 146-148.
• Write 15 sentences using 3rd person pronouns (pg 146-148) + words on pg 140/150 + use asti paradigm (pg 131).

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 14 Feb, 2021