Summary:

Chapter 11. Internal sandhi (only recognize, don't need to memorize). Feminine paradigm (stems ending with “ā”). Iva word. New vocab. First assignment for students.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

Resources:

• Class exercises
• Semester Assignment 1 : See below for instructions.

2 Rules of Internal Sandhi:

• Internal VS External Sandhi:
  • External: Sandhi applied when 2 words come together.
    • EG: rāmaḥ ca (रामः च) > rāmaśca  (रामश्च)
  • Internal: Sandhi applied within an individual word.
    • EG: pakṣiṇam (पक्षिणम्) > Why isn't it “paksinam (पक्सिनम्)”? Because of internal sandhi rules. So let's learn 2 of those rules now…
• Why should I know this?  It's helpful to have some basic knowledge how Sanskrit words come about. Don't need to memorize this, only take joy when you recognize below patterns in words.
• RULE 1: s (स्) > ṣ (ष्)
  • Within any word, the letter s (स्) changes to ṣ (ष्), when certain conditions are true. What are they? Study table below…
  • 
  • NOTE: vowel | k | r  — should come IMMEDIATELY BEFORE “s“. There shouldn't be any other letters between them. The only in-between letters may be: ṃ / ḥ
  • EG where change occurs: niṣkāma, nareṣu, yuṣmān
  • EG where change does NOT occur (due to a/ā): senāsu, saṃskṛtam
  • If the very next letter after ṣ (ष्) is either ( t त् | th थ् | n न् ), then those letters will change to retroflex version: ṭ ट् | ṭh ठ् | ṇ ण्
    • EG: sthā > tiṣṭhati  तिष्ठति
  • This summarizes pg 142, #1-3.
• RULE 2: n (न् ) > ṇ (ण्)
  • If ( r र | ṛ ऋ | ṝ ॠ | ṣ ष् ) comes BEFORE n (न् ) — then n (न् ) will change to ṇ (ण्).
    • UNLESS a group of “savior letters“ comes in between them.
  • 

  • EG: rāmeṇa (रामेण), putrāṇām (पुत्राणाम्), dhārmikeṇa (धार्मिकेण)
    

  • This summarizes pg 142, #4.
• RULE 3: Which you won't see.
  • If n follows n, both become ṇṇ.

Feminine Paradigm:

• Context:
  • Sanskrit has thousands of words like any other language. All it's words are divided into 3 categories: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.
  • So far we've been involved with masculine (nara) AND neuter (phala) words. Now it's breath of fresh air introducing feminine words.
  • CAUTION: Masculine/feminine words have 0% to do with physical gender. EG: “senā” means “army”. Don't imagine an army of women. 🙂

• Here's the last major paradigm you must memorize by heart as much as nara/phalam:

How to use adjectives with feminine words:

• In reference to adjectives ^{(words which describe a noun)} inside the dictionary — they will have either of these 2 combinations next to them: (mfn) OR (m f[ ī ई ] n). For example…
  
  • kupita (mfn):
    • m means:
      • If adjective qualifies a masculine word ^{(EG: gajaḥ; elephant)} — then adjective will take the masculine nara paradigm ^{(pg 74)}.
      • EG:
        • kupitaḥ gajaḥ            (angry elehpant)
        • kupitāḥ gajāḥ            (angry elephants)
        • kupitaiḥ gajaiḥ          (with angry elephants)
        • kupitayoḥ gajayoḥ   (of angry elephants)
    • f   means:
      • If adjective qualifies a feminine word ^{(EG: senā; army)} — then adjective will take the feminine senā paradigm ^{(pg 145)}.
      • EG:
        • kupitā senā                भीता सेना            (angry army)
        • kupite sene                भीते सेने              (two angry armies)
        • kupitāyāḥ senāyāḥ  भीतायाः सेनायाः  (from the angry army OR of the angry army)
    • n  means:
      • If adjective qualifies a neuter word ^{(EG: gṛham; house)} — then adjective will take the neuter phalam paradigm ^{(pg 92)}.
      • EG:
        • kupitam gṛham  (upset house)
        • kupitāni gṛhāni  (upset homes)
        • kupite vane         (in the upset forest)
  • dhārmika (mf[ī]n):
    • Same rules as above. Except for…
    • f [ī] means:
      • If adjective qualifies a feminine word ^{(EG: mātā; mother)} — then adjective will take the nadī paradigm ^{(pg 171)}.
      • EG:
        • dhārmikī^nom mātā^nom   धार्मिकी  सेना  (virtuous army)
        • Because we haven't learned the nadī paradigm ^{(on pg 171)}, we need to limit using f [ī] adjectives to Singular, Nominative.

iva (like):

• In English we say: like a boy. In Sanskrit we say: boy like. Order is reversed.
• EG:
  • Man sees like Rāma.             : naraḥ (rāmaḥ iva) paśyati
  • I speak like the scriptures.  : aham (śāstrāṇi iva) bhāṣe
  • You walk like a horse.          : tvam (aśvaḥ iva) gacchasi
• Notice that both are NOM. Because you're comparing one to another.
• NOTE: This isn't the “like” which expresses desire. Rather it expresses comparison.

Homework:

• No homework from book. However…
• Study “senā” feminine paradigm on pg 145. Write it out please.
• Write out singular pronouns for: I ^{(pg 128)} / you ^{(pg 129)}.
• Use words on pg 150 to create 10 sample sentences in Devanāgarī and sandhi them.
• Deadline for Assignment 1 due: March 7 2021. Submit to yesvedanta@gmail.com. Can write out devanāgarī / IAST or type them.
  • Guidelines:
    • Do on your own. Reveals how much captured so far.
    • Do not share file on internet. It's strictly for students. Link will be removed by 7 March.
    • May only submit if attended webinar more then 5 times.
    • Why submit? It's only way I will give feedback/answers.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 7 Feb, 2021