Summary:

New verse. Tvam (you) paradigm. Adjectives. Asti (is) paradigm. “I love you”.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

Resources:

• Class exercises
• Bhagavad Gita without sandhi
• Bhagavad Gita for Sanskrit Scholars (each word parsed, direct translation)

Highlights: (Pg 129-131)

• Adjectives:
  1. Comes before noun, just like in English. EG: Beautiful boy > sundaraḥ bālaḥ
  2. Has exact same ending as the noun it qualifies. EG:
     • Beautiful boys                                                                      > sundarāḥ bālāḥ.
     • From two beautiful houses                                               > sundarābhyām gṛhābhyām
     • The two peaceful men come (for the beautiful fruit) > śāntau narau (sundarāya phalāya) āgacchataḥ
     • Man remembers the (angry boy)                                   > naraḥ (kupitam bālam) smarati
  3. If ADJ is used with GENITIVE, then it still goes before GEN. EG:
     • Beautiful hero (of the scriptures) speaks about truth   > sundaraḥ (sāstrānām) vīraḥ satyam bhāṣate
     • Hero (of the beautiful scriptures) speaks about truth   > (sundarānām śāstrānām) vīraḥ satyam bhāṣate
• Verb asti (He/she/it is):
  • Most common verb.
  • Means: He-she-it is/are.  EG:
    • That man is a hero        > tat naraḥ vīraḥ asti
    • You are happy                > tvam sukham^nom asi/bhavasi
    • Books are (our friend)  > pustakāni (asmākam mitram^acc) santi
  • If sentence starts with “asti”, then means: There is…  (NOTE: “There” doesn't refer to location word “Over there“. But as in “It exists“).
    • EG: There is an (angry horse) (in your house) > asti (kupitaḥ aśvaḥ) (tava gṛhe)
  • If “asti” is not found at end of the sentence, then assume it's end of the sentence.
    • EG: rāmaḥ nṛpaḥ > Rāma is the king.
    • In rare cases, when asti is missing, the two NOMINATIVES will exchange order.
      • EG: nṛpaḥ rāmaḥ > Rāma is the king.
        • How do you know it's not “King is Rāma”? Because (1) asti missing gives it away (2) context will tell which makes more sense.
• How to say ‘I love you' :
  • Verb for “love / having affection towards / fixating the mind with devotion upon” is: snihyati (He/she/it loves). EG:
    • Rāma loves           > rāmaḥ snihyati
    • Rāma loves truth > rāmaḥ satye snihyati
      • NOTICE:
        • The object that is loved, is in LOC. This isn't always true, as it's also found in ACC in literature. Throughout this course, stick with LOC.
        • Perhaps LOC makes sense, because your love is IN something.
    • I love               > aham snihyāmi
    • I love you       > aham tvayi^loc snihyāmi   /  aham tvām^acc snihyāmi  (Less preferred)
    • I love water    > aham jale^loc  snihyāmi
    • You love         > tvam snihyasi
    • You love me  > tvam mayi^loc  snihyasi
    • You have affection (for Sanskrit)  > tvam samskṛtāya snihyasi
    • You are devoted to virtuous knowledge of immortality > tvam dhārmikam amṛtasya jñānam snihyasi  त्वम्  धार्मिकम्  अमृतस्य  ज्ञानम्  स्निह्यसि

Homework:

• Familiarize with new verse, In Every Head, on pg 9.
• Do exercises on:
  • Pg 133: #1

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 24 Jan, 2021