Summary:

New verse. How to count in Sanskrit. Revision of r/ḥ sandhi. Introductions to new kind of verb (Middle Voice). How to say “To have” in Sanskrit. New vocab.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

Resources:

• Sentence generator
• Story to translate

How to count in Sanskrit?

Below are stems of cardinal numbers…

Sandhi:

• Firstly, here's some samples for 1st column for you to practice.
  • hastayoḥ bhavati (हस्तयोः भवति)  = hastayorbhavati (हस्तयोर्भवति)
  • bhūḥ hasati (भूः हसति)                    = _____.
  • saḥ naraiḥ vadati (सः नरैः वदति )   = _____.
  • sā śrutīḥ smarati (सा श्रुतीः स्मरति) = _____.
  • śrutīḥ tiṣṭhati (श्रुतीः तिष्ठति)             = _____.
• Let's address the EXCEPTION in the red square in above picture:
  • When 1st word ends in ḥ and meets 2nd word starting with “r (र्)“, then (1) ḥ disappears, and (2) if i (ई) / u (उ) precede ḥ, then they become ī (ई) / ū (ऊ).
    • EG:
      • śrutiḥ rāmaḥ = śrutīrāmaḥ  (श्रुतिः रामः = श्रुतीरामः )
      • guruḥ rāmaḥ = gurūrāmaḥ  (गुरुः रामः = गुरूरामः )
  • When 1st word ends in r and meets 2nd word starting with “r (र्)“, then (1) r disappears in 1st word, and (2) if a / i / u precede r in 1st word, then they become ā (आ) / ī (ई) / ū (ऊ).
    • EG: dur + rakta = dūrakta  (दुर् + रक्त = दूरक्त)

Verbs:

• There are many kinds of verbs. They can be divided into 3 categories: Past, Present, Future.
• Let's cover two kinds of Present Tense verbs (happening right NOW):
  • Parasmaipada: Active voice.
    • Found on pg 118.
    • EG: gacchati, pṛcchati, vadati, vasati, pibati, etc.
    • Theoretically, action is going to someone else.
      • EG: Rāma goes to the horse.
    • In dictionary indicated by: P (प्)
      
  • Ātmanepada: Middle voice.
    • Found on pg 119.
    • EG: bhāṣate (he/she/it speaks), manyate (he/she/it thinks), labhate (he/she/it obtains).
    • Theoretically, action is going unto doer of the action.
      • EG: I think, I exercise, I meditate.
    • In dictionary indicated by: Ā (आ)
      
  • Ubhayapada: Takes either.
    • These verbs can take either Active (P) OR Middle (Ā) endings.
    • EG: 3rd person, single for “He/she/it thinks”: cintayati (OR) cintayate
    • In dictionary indicated by: U (उ)
      
    • Which one should I use if verb takes both?
      • Rather stick to always using either Active or Middle.
• How to know which one to use?
  • There's no rule. Use whichever verb is needed to make a sentence.
• What's the main difference between Active (P) / Middle (Ā)?
  • Only difference is endings. That's it! In terms of which is more significant, is an invalid question.

Vocabulary:

• If there is a ḥ in middle of word, how to pronounce? Gentle puff of air, like blowing out.
  • EG: duḥkham  दुःखम्

Homework:

• Familiarize and attempt to Memorize new verse: The Resplendent Moon.
• Exercises on Pg 97:
  • 6 (a-h)
  • 7 (a-h)
    • 7e has spelling mistake.
      • Wrong: पुस्तकेन  (pustakena)
        
      • Correct: पुस्तके  न  (pustake na)
        
  • 9 (1-12)

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

—

Recorded 6 Dec, 2020