Summary:

Vowel sandhi. Usage of: iti.

Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part One

Resources:

• Andre's Complete Devanagari Reference
• Class PDF exercises

What Have We Learned In Course So Far?

• From CH1-5 of book, we've learned:
  1. Sanskrit in general:
     • Logical/mathematical in nature.
     • saṃskṛtam means “perfected”. Meaning it's free of imperfections.
  2. Verbs:
     • Action words. EG: Going, asking, speaking, remembering, standing.
     • They consist of: 1st, 2nd, 3rd person. And have 3 numbers (sing, dual, pl).
  3. NOM:
     • Doer of the verb.
  4. ACC:
     • The one to whom verb is done onto by the NOM.
     • EG: Man^NOM goes to elephant^ACC.                        (naraḥ gajam gacchati)
       • Man is doer of verb. The verb is done onto elephant.
  5. INST:
     • with __.  EG: Man goes with the elephant.          (naraḥ gajena saha gacchati)
  6. DAT:
     • for __.     EG: Horse goes to the man for food.    (aśvaḥ bhojanāya naram gacchati)
  7. WORD ORDER:
     • Style 1:  NOM  (ALL OTHER CASES)   ACC  VERB
     • Style 2:  (ALL OTHER CASES)  NOM  ACC  VERB
  8. Sandhi:
     • Used in writing, not in speaking.
     • Purpose is to create flow of speech.
     • Realistically takes 3+- years to adopt it.
  9. Verses:
     • We can appreciate the Vedic scholars who memorized one of the four vedās. Eg: ṛgvedaḥ takes about 6 hours to recite.
  10. Vocabulary:
      • Think of it as keeping our brain healthy and sharp. The more one learns, the more one CAN learn.
  11. Devanāgarī (देवनागरी) script
      • By now, beginner will take about 4 min to write this: naraḥ gajān aśvau ca gacchati
        • By CH8 of book, each student will be required to submit homework project to teacher in devanāgarī.
          • Help? (1) Print out Devanagari Reference (2) Write out Sanskrit sentences (eg: pg 63) in devanagari script.
            

Highlights:

• Sandhi for Vowels:

• • Formula when joining: Replace word1_last_vowel & first_vowel_word2, with NEW vowel. EG:
    • mālā iva               : māleva                    माला इव      = मालेव
    • gacchati aśvam   : gacchatyaśvam     गच्छति अश्वम्  = गच्छत्यश्वम्
    • mṛgāya iti            : mṛgāyeti                 मृगाय इति     = मृगायेति

• • _e + i_word2 = _a  i_.  (no join, as per chart) EG:
    • nagare iva                =  nagara iva             नगरे इव = नगर इव
    • nagare iva iti          =  nagara iveti          नगर इवेति
    • nagare iva iti eka  =  nagara ivetyeka   नगर इवेत्येक

• • Word1 ends in diphthong (ai, au): Combine “au” + “ā”. And not “u” + “ā”: EG:
    • śiṣyau ācāryam       :  śiṣyāvācāryam   शिष्यावाचार्यम्
    • narau ṛṣiḥ                 :  narāvṛṣiḥ            नरावृषिः
    • putrau icchataḥ      : putrāvicchataḥ   पुत्राविच्छतः
    • aśvau adhyāpakaḥ  : this one is for you.

• • x: When word1 ends in i, ī, u, ū, e – and declines as dual ending (EG: phale: Two fruit), then immune to sandhi.
    • EG:
      • phale    ācāryaḥ       : Should be: phala ācāryaḥ. But it's immune per this rule.
      • gurū     āgacchataḥ : Same as above.
      • dhenū  āgacchataḥ : Same as above.
      • śrutī     icchataḥ      : Same as above.

• iti:  इति  ^{(pg 59)}
  • Means what? Quote  ”        “
  • Used when? Break long sentence into smaller parts.
  • EG:

Homework:

1. Memorize newest verse: Ornament of Stars
2. Complete homework on pg 61 of book: 4c, e, g, h | 5a, c, d, e, f, g, h, j | 6b, c, g.
   
   • Sanskrit to English process for each exercise.
3. Ask, “What is my weak area?“. Then spend 2h+ on it this week. It's either: Devanāgarī, Vocab, NOM-DAT case endings, Verb endings, Verses, Sandhi.

Questions:

You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.

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Recorded 18 Oct, 2020